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MELITTIN Melittin is the principal active ingredient of bee venom (apitoxin). Melittin has been shown to produce profound inhibitory effects on borrelia burgdorferi.
PEER REVIEW SCIENCE "The Antimicrobial Agent Melittin Exhibits Powerful In Vitro Inhibitory Effects on the Lyme Disease Spirochete," by Lori L. Lubke Claude F. Garon
ABSTRACT: Borrelia burgdorferi has demonstrated a capacity to resist the in vitro effects of powerful eukaryotic and prokaryotic metabolic inhibitors. However, treatment of laboratory cultures on Barbour-Stoenner-Kelly medium with melittin, a 26-amino acid peptide contained in honeybee venom, showed immediate and profound inhibitory effects when they were monitored by dark-field microscopy, field emission scanning electron microscopy, and optical density measurements. Furthermore, at melittin concentrations as low as 100 µg/mL, virtually all spirochete motility ceased within seconds of inhibitor addition. Ultrastructural examination of these spirochetes by scanning electron microscopy revealed obvious alterations in the surface envelope of the spirochetes. The extraordinary sensitivity of B. burgdorferi to mellitin may provide both a research reagent useful in the study of selective permeability in microorganisms and important clues to the development of effective new drugs against lyme disease." ------------------------
"Antimicrobial activity of apitoxin, melittin and phospholipase A₂ of honey bee (Apis mellifera) venom against oral pathogens," by Leandro LF1, Mendes CA1, Casemiro LA1, Vinholis AH1, Cunha WR1, de Almeida R1, Martins CH1.
LINK:https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25806982
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Excellent addition-- thank you, bluelyme.. I added your link plus a 1997 study I have never seen before that relates Melittin directly to Borrelia inhibition.
It does seem that some of the research that is relevant to ORAL PATHOGENS (many of which are spirochetes in biofilm communities/plaques--- is relevant to Borrelia Burgdorferi.
************WE WILL FIND A CURE!!***********
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CISTUS INCANUS Antiviral, antibacterial, antifungal, anti-spirochete, anti-biofilm, antioxidant. Used as a tea and in essential oil. Cistus tea is used in the Kllinghadt protocol.
PEER REVIEW SCIENCE: "Growth inhibiting activity of volatile oil from Cistus creticus L. against Borrelia burgdorferi s.s. in vitro," by Hutschenreuther A1, Birkemeyer C, Grötzinger K, Straubinger RK, Rauwald HW.
ABSTRACT: Borreliosis patients from self-help groups reported considerable pain relief after ingestion of Cistus creticus leaf preparations. C. creticus leaf extracts of different polarities such as aqueous, ethyl acetate, hexane extracts as well as the volatile oil fraction obtained by steam distillation were tested for their antibacterial activity against Borrelia burgdorferi sensu stricto (Bbss) in vitro using the antibiotic amoxicilline as standard and polysorbate 80 as solubilizer for lipophilic extracts. Comparison of the four plant preparations shows that the volatile oil exerts the strongest growth inhibitory effect. Even concentrations of 0.02% (w/v) volatile oil in cultivation media reduced the total number of bacteria to 2% in comparison to a growth control after an eight-day cultivation period. While the aqueous extract did not reduce bacterial growth, incubation with hexane and ethyl acetate extracts clearly inhibited microbial growth. The main volatile components of the three active extracts tested were analyzed by GC-MS. The number of different labdane-type diterpenes as well as the total relative amount of diterpenes in the samples tested was highest in the essential oil of C. creticus. Identification of ten different volatile labdane-type diterpenes was assigned to the essential oil of C. creticus. Among these, manoyl oxide, 13-epi-manoyl oxide, 3-acetoxy-manoyl oxide and the monoterpene carvacrol were determined to be major constituents, accompanied by minor amounts of 3-hydroxy-manoyl oxide, all of which are known to exert antimicrobial activity.
"An Essential Role for Coagulase in Staphylococcus aureus Biofilm Development Reveals New Therapeutic Possibilities for Device-Related Infections." by Zapotoczna M1, McCarthy H2, Rudkin JK2, O'Gara JP2, O'Neill E3.
Abstract High-level resistance to antimicrobial drugs is a major factor in the pathogenesis of chronic Staphylococcus aureus biofilm-associated, medical device-related infections. Antimicrobial susceptibility analysis revealed that biofilms grown for ≤ 24 hours on biomaterials conditioned with human plasma under venous shear in iron-free cell culture medium were significantly more susceptible to antistaphylococcal antibiotics. Biofilms formed under these physiologically relevant conditions were regulated by SaeRS and dependent on coagulase-catalyzed conversion of fibrinogen into fibrin. In contrast, SarA-regulated biofilms formed on uncoated polystyrene in nutrient-rich bacteriological medium were mediated by the previously characterized biofilm factors poly-N-acetyl glucosamine, fibronectin-binding proteins, or autolytic activity and were antibiotic resistant. Coagulase-mediated biofilms exhibited increased antimicrobial resistance over time (>48 hours) but were always susceptible to dispersal by the fibrinolytic enzymes plasmin or nattokinase. Biofilms recovered from infected central venous catheters in a rat model of device-related infection were dispersed by nattokinase, supporting the important role of the biofilm phenotype and identifying a potentially new therapeutic approach with antimicrobials and fibrinolytic drugs, particularly during the early stages of device-related infection.
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BAUHINIA RACEMOSA fam Fabaceae Antioxidant, antimicrobial, antiparasitic, anti fungal. Indian traditional medicine, known as the Bidi leaf tree or katmauli. Used for rashes, acne, ulcers and cough. In vitro evidence against helminths (worms).
PEER REVIEW SCIENCE: "Investigation of in-vitro anthelmintic activity of Bauhinia racemosa linn." by Tekeshwar Kumar, Amit Alexander, Ajazuddin, Dhansay Dewangan, Junaid Khan and Mukesh Sharma
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HIBISCUS MUTABILIS fam Malvaceae Anti filarial. Active compound ferulic acid.
PEER REVIEW SCIENCE: "Effect of ferulic acid from Hibiscus mutabilis on filarial parasite Setaria cervi: molecular and biochemical approaches," by Saini P1, Gayen P, Nayak A, Kumar D, Mukherjee N, Pal BC, Sinha Babu SP.
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LIMONIA ACIDISSIMA fam Rutaceae A sacred indian traditional medicine plant, also a favorite of elephants and known as "Wood Apple" "Elephant Apple, or "Bael fruit." Antioxidant, antimicrobial, anti-tubercular, antiparasite (5 grams of Bael power twice daily is used to eliminate worms), anti dysentary, ovicidal, antifungal, blood detoxifier (snake bite), anti-hypertensive, anti-malarial, anti-diabetic.
PEER REVIEW SCIENCE: "Ovicidal and Oviposition Deterrent Activities of Medicinal Plant Extracts Against Aedes aegypti L. and Culex quinquefasciatus Say Mosquitoes (Diptera: Culicidae)" by Appadurai Daniel Reegan,∗ Munusamy Rajiv Gandhi, Micheal Gabriel Paulraj, and Savarimuthu Ignacimuthu
RESULTS Among the different extracts of the five plants screened, the hexane extract of L. acidissima recorded the highest ovicidal activity of 79.2% and 60% at 500 ppm concentration against the eggs of Cx. quinquefasciatus and Ae. aegypti, respectively. Similarly, the same hexane extract of L. acidissima showed 100% oviposition deterrent activity at all the tested concentrations against Cx. quinquefasciatus and Ae. aegypti adult females.
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Hello Wakeup and all, I would like to propose Dragon's Blood/Sangre de Grado to this list. I will see what I can dig up as far as research.
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quote:Originally posted by Water Jaguar: Hello Wakeup and all, I would like to propose Dragon's Blood/Sangre de Grado to this list. I will see what I can dig up as far as research.
Good suggestion, Jaguar-- add Sangre de Drago with one or more scientific links, when you get a chance--- I love these traditional remedies because generations of caring grandmothers are usually "onto" something when they give herbs to their families decades after decade. This anecdotal list of "herbal leads" is a good approach because a Chinese scientist recently won the nobel prize off her work on a traditional medicine--- artemisinin-- so it behooves our community to keep a careful "research and anecdotal" eye on all these herbs-- one might end up being a magic bullet for us. Who knows-- some billionaire may decide to fully research everything on this list one day. Thanks!!
WE WILL FIND A CURE!!!!
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Thanks Marnie. This thread is mostly about generating natural compound research leads-- since there is very little in vivo science available right now-- but good point--- "vivo" (in live animals) is always better than vitro (in a petri dish). The problem right now is that there is barely any in vitro research, much less vivo.. research on natural compounds--- big pharma hates them because they cannot be patented.
We need a billionaire to finance compound screening research--- since our beloved government is stonewalling us.
Lyme disease is weakly gram negative, and thus probably uses a LUX-r quorum sensing receptor to create biofilm, although it is not known yet. Do you have any scientific links showing the mechanisms of Lux-s receptor with regard to borrelia? Quorum sensing is really complex, and varies according to the organism and or groups of organisms, plus the gram negative or positive status of the organism.
This study might be a good lead for more herbals (berberis aristata was one--- with respect to disabling the Lux-s biofilm mechanism:
PEER REVIEW SCIENCE: "Attenuation of adhesion, quorum sensing and biofilm mediated virulence of carbapenem resistant Escherichia coli by selected natural plant products," by Thakur P1, Chawla R2, Tanwar A1, Chakotiya AS1, Narula A3, Goel R1, Arora R4, Sharma RK1.
SUMMARY: The findings indicated clearly that B. aristata (Family: Berberidaceae) and C. sinensis (Family: Theaceae) were potent herbal leads with significant therapeutic potential which further needs to be explored at pre-clinical level in the future.
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bluelyme
Frequent Contributor (1K+ posts)
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Marnie-bvt ineffective?
And i followed your other post to gallium nitrate for arthritis ? Has any one tried this horse stuff? Ol blue is goin out to pasture
-------------------- Blue Posts: 1539 | From southwest | Registered: Dec 2015
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STEMONA JAPONICA In Traditional Chinese Medicine, (TCM) known as Bai Bu Anti helminth, anti-strongyl, anti-parasitic, anti-candida, anti ascarid.
PEER REVIEW SCIENCE: "DRUG TRIALS FOR TREATMENT OF HUMAN ANGIOSTRONGYLIASIS," by Márcia Bohrer MENTZ(1) & Carlos GRAEFF-TEIXEIR
SUMMARY: Abdominal and cerebral angiostrongyliasis are two important infections produced by metastrongylid worms, the former occurring in Central and South America and the later in Asia and Pacific Islands. Drug treatment is a challenge since the worms and its evolving larvae live or migrate inside vessels and efficient killing of the parasites may produce more severe lesions. Larvicidal effect of certain drugs appears to be more easily accomplished but this outcome is not useful in abdominal angiostrongyliasis since clinical manifestations appear to result from sexual maturation of the worms. We review the drug trials in murine experimental models and conclude that most of them could not be considered good candidates for treatment of human infection, except for PF1022A, pyrantel and flubendazole.
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ABSTRACT: Vanadium in fine subdivision exercises a curative effect on experimental syphilis when suspended in olive oil, but when the medium of suspension is an isotonic (30 per cent.) solution of glucose the action is very feeble.
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CHALMOOGRA OIL Hydnocarpus wightiana, fam Achariaceae A traditional chinese and ayurvedic medicine. Active compound is hydnocarpic acid, marketed as "Alepol" by Burroughs Wellcome as a treatment for Leprosy. Anti-treponeme, anti-leprosy, anti mycobacterial. Potentiates/synergistic with berberine.
More to come...
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BACOPA MONNIERA Active compound "bacoside A" Antibiofilm, antimicrobial
PEER REVIEW SCIENCE: "Effect of Bacoside A on growth and biofilm formation by Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa," by Debaprasad Parai,† Ekramul Islam,† Jayati Mitra,† Samir Kumar Mukherjee†, Department of Microbiology, University of Kalyani, Kalyani 741235, India.
ABSTRACT The goal of this study was to evaluate the antibiofilm and antimicrobial activities of Bacoside A, a formulation of phytochemicals from Bacopa monnieri, against Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa, which are known to form biofilms as one of their virulence traits. The antimicrobial effects of Bacoside A were tested using the minimum inhibitory concentration and minimum bactericidal concentration assays. A cell membrane disruption assay was performed to find its possible target site. MTT assay, crystal violet assay, and microscopic studies were performed to assess the antibiofilm activity. Bacoside A showed antimicrobial activity against both test organisms in their planktonic and biofilm states. At a subminimum inhibitory concentration of 200 μg·mL−1, Bacoside A significantly removed ∼88%–93% of bacterial biofilm developed on microtiter plates. Biochemical and microscopic studies suggested that the eradication of biofilm might be due to the loss of extracellular polymeric substances and to a change in cell membrane integrity of the selected bacterial strains treated with Bacoside A. These results indicate that Bacoside A might be considered as an antimicrobial having the ability to disrupt biofilms. Thus, either alone or in combination with other therapeutics, Bacoside A could be useful to treat biofilm-related infections caused by opportunistic bacterial pathogens.
Keywords: Bacoside A, biofilm eradication, extracellular polymeric substances, Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa
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PEER REVIEW SCIENCE "Biofilm inhibition formation of clinical strains of Pseudomonas aeruginosa mutans, photocatalytic activity of azo dye and GC–MS analysis of leaves of Lagerstroemia speciosa," by V. Sai Saraswathia, Neethu Kamarudheenb, K.V. Bhaskara Raob, K. Santhakumarc
ABSTRACT The investigation was conducted to analyse the bioactive compounds from the leaf extracts of L. speciosa by GC–MS. The extracts were screened for antibacterial and antibiofilm activities against potential clinical strains. The bioactive compounds from the leaves of L. speciosa were extracted by soxhlet continuous extraction method and their chemical composition was analysed by Gas Chromatography–Mass Spectroscopy (GC–MS). The antibacterial activity was evaluated against clinical strain like Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, P. aeruginosa and Salmonella typhi by well diffusion technique. We also screened for antibacterial property against common food borne pathogens namely Listeria monocytogenes and Bacillus cereus at varied concentration 250 μ ml− 1 to 1000 μ ml− 1. Thereafter antibiofilm assay was carried out at from 250 to 1000 μg/ml against P. aeruginosa (high biofilm forming pathogen) clinical strain by cover slip technique and the morphology of the pathogen was observed using Scanning Electron Microscopy-(SEM). It was observed that diverse class of secondary metabolites were found by GC–MS analysis for all the extracts upon the continuous extraction. It was found that only minimum inhibition was seen in alcoholic extract for antibacterial activity, whereas all other extracts showed negligible activity. P. aeruginosa biofilm inhibited to 93.0 ± 2% and 91 ± 2% at higher concentration (1000 μg/ml) for methanolic and ethanolic extract respectively. Absence of extracellular matrix structure and the surface cracking of biofilm were viewed by SEM, which confirmed the antibiofilm activity. Hence this study reveals that L. speciosa showed significant antibiofilm activity against P. aeruginosa due to the phytoconstituents present in the leaf extracts which was well documented in the alcoholic extracts by GC–MS analysis. The methanolic and ethanolic extract showed good photocatalytic activity of 77.44% and 96.66% against azo dye degradation respectively. Further, isolating the novel phyto-compounds would yield better promising biological activities.
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GREWIA TRICHOCARPA Traditional Kenyan herbal remedy for malaria, thus making it a possible candidate for the eradication of Lyme cysts.
PEER REVIEW SCIENCE: "Brine shrimp toxicity and antimalarial activity of some plants traditionally used in treatment of malaria in Msambweni district of Kenya," J.M.Nguta., J.M.Mbaria
ABSTRACT Abstract Ethnopharmacological relevance
In Kenya, most people especially in rural areas use traditional medicine and medicinal plants to treat many diseases including malaria. Malaria is of national concern in Kenya, in view of development of resistant strains of Plasmodium falciparum to drugs especially chloroquine, which had been effective and affordable. There is need for alternative and affordable therapy. Many antimalarial drugs have been derived from medicinal plants and this is evident from the reported antiplasmodial activity. Aim of the study
The present study reports on the in vivo antimalarial activity and brine shrimp lethality of five medicinal plants traditionally used to treat malaria in Msambweni district, Kenya. Materials and methods
A total of five aqueous crude extracts from different plant parts used in traditional medicine for the treatment of malaria were evaluated for their in vivo antimalarial activity using Plasmodium berghei infected Swiss mice and for their acute toxicity using Brine shrimp lethality test. Results
The screened crude plant extracts suppressed parasitaemia as follows: Azadirachta indica (L) Burm. (Meliaceae), 3.1%; Dichrostachys cinerea (L) Wight et Arn (Mimosaceae), 6.3%; Tamarindus indica L. (Caesalpiniaceae), 25.1%; Acacia seyal Del. (Mimosaceae) 27.8% and Grewia trichocarpa Hochst ex A.Rich (Tiliaceae) 35.8%. In terms of toxicity, A.indica root bark extract had an LC50 of 285.8 µg/ml and was considered moderately toxic. T.indica stem bark extract and G.trichocarpa root extract had an LC50 of 516.4 and 545.8 µg/ml respectively and were considered to be weakly toxic while A.seyal and D.cinerea root extracts had a LC50>1000 µg/ml and were therefore considered to be non toxic. Conclusions
The results indicate that the aqueous extracts of the tested plants when used alone as monotherapy had antimalarial activity which was significantly different from that of chloroquine (P≤0.05). The results also suggest that the anecdotal efficacy of the above plants reported by the study community is related to synergism of phytoconstituents since the assayed plant parts are used in combination with others to treat malaria. It is also evident that none of the screened plant extracts is toxic to the arthropod invertebrate, Artemia salina L. (Artemiidae) larvae, justifying the continued use of the plant parts to treat malaria. A.seyal, G.trichocarpa and T.indica have not been reported before for in vivo antimalarial activity and brine shrimp lethality.
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VITEX NEGUNDO roots Anti-filarial borrelia may be harbored inside filarial worms.
PEER REVIEW SCIENCE: "Antifilarial activity of ethyl acetate extract of Vitex negundo leaves in vitro," by Sahare KN1, Singh V. Department of Microbiology, Barkatullah University, Bhopal-462 026, M.P., India.
ABSTRACT:
CONCLUSIONS: The present study recorded significant antifilarial effect of Vitex negundo plant extract and contributed toward the development of database for novel drug candidates for lymphatic filariasis.
PEER REVIEW SCIENCE: "Possible implication of oxidative stress in anti filarial effect of certain traditionally used medicinal plants in vitro against Brugia malayi microfilariae," R. D. Sharma, A. R. Veerpathran, G. Dakshinamoorthy, K. N. Sahare, K. Goswami, and M.V.R. Reddy
Abstract Introduction: Tropical disease research scheme of World Health Organization has duly recognized traditional medicine as alternative for antifilarial drug development. Polyphenolic compounds present in traditionally used herbal medicines are natural antioxidants; however, paradoxically they may exert pro-oxidant effect. Popular drug diethyl carbamazine citrate harnesses the innate inflammatory response and the consequent oxidative assault to combat invading microbes.
Methods: With this perspective, extracts of Vitex negundo L. (roots), Butea monosperma L. (leaves), Aegle marmelos Corr. (leaves), and Ricinus communis L. (leaves) were selected to explore the possible role of oxidative rationale in the antifilarial effect in vitro.
Results: Apart from the last, other three plant extracts were reported to have polyphenolic compounds. Dose-dependent increase was found in the levels of lipid peroxidation and protein carbonylation for all the three plant extracts except Ricinus communis L. (leaves). Such increase in oxidative parameters also showed some degree of plant-specific predilection in terms of relatively higher level of particular oxidative parameter. High degree of correlation was observed between the antifilarial effect and the levels of corresponding oxidative stress parameters for these three plants. However, extracts of Ricinus communis L. (leaves) which is relatively deficient in polyphenolic ingredients recorded maximum 30% loss of motility and also did not show any significant difference in various stress parameters from corresponding control levels.
Conclusion: These results reveal that targeted oxidative stress might be crucial in the pharmacodynamics.
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CYPERUS ARTICULATUS Used in Cameroon as a traditional medicine treatment for filarial worms (onchocerca ochengi). May be relevant to Lyme research because an onchocerca-like filarial worm has been identified by Dr. Sapi inside of Lyme bearing ticks.
Peer Review Science: "Anti-Onchocerca activity and phytochemical analysis of an essential oil from Cyperus articulatus L," by Jonathan Alunge Metuge, Kennedy D Nyongbela, James A Mbah, Moses Samje, Ghislain Fotso, Smith B Babiaka and Fidelis Cho-NgwaEmail author BMC Complementary and Alternative MedicineThe official journal of the International Society for Complementary Medicine Research (ISCMR)2014
Conclusions: The essential oil from the roots/rhizomes of Cyperus articulatus is active against O. ochengi microfilariae and adult worms in vitro in a dose dependent manner, hence may provide a source of new anti-filarial compounds. The results also support the traditional use of C. articulatus in the treatment of human onchocerciasis.
Unlike the hallucinogenic "THC" compound found in Marijuana, "Cannabinoids" are the NON-hallucinogenic antimicrobial/anti-cancer/anti-biofilm compounds found in both the Marijuana plant and in its cousin, the industrial Hemp plant. The human body produces natural cannabinoids, called "endocannabinoids."
CBD oil from the industrial hemp plant is reported to be legal in all 50 states as long as it contains miniscule amounts of THC. Recent research has shown CBD oil to be effective against Lyme biofilm, among many other things, including some breast cancers.
"Antimicrobial effects of lactoferrin and cannabidiol on Borrelia burgdorferi", by Dylan Haenel, Department of Biology and Environmental Science/ Biotechnology Eva Sapi Ph.D.
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CHINESE CAT'S CLAW-- Uncaria rhynchophylla Nemacidal, anti-addiction, anti-viral, anti- breast cancer, anti-alzheimer's.
Used by Buhner (Woodlawn Essence) in conjunction with regular Cat's Claw (Uncaria Tomentosa) for neural Lyme symptoms. In Traditional Chinese Medicine known as Gou-Teng.
"Tetracyclic indole alkaloids with antinematode activity from Uncaria rhynchophylla," by Kong F1, Ma Q1, Huang S1, Yang S2, Fu L2, Zhou L1, Dai H1, Yu Z2, Zhao Y1. LINK: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27834097
"Molecular evaluation of herbal compounds as potent inhibitors of acetylcholinesterase for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease," Chen YX1, Li GZ1, Zhang B2, Xia ZY1, Zhang M3
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POLYGONUM CUSPIDATUM- Japanese Knotweed/Hu Zhang/Tiger's Cane Anti-inflammatory, antibacterial, antiviral, anti-fungal, anti-biofilm, anti-protozoan, neuroprotective, cardioprotective, anti-toxin/venom. A TCM-traditional chinese medicine (used in conjunction with Cat's Claw) as a pillar in Buhner's Lyme protocol, at a dosage of 1-3 teaspoons of root powder, 3 times per day.. Active compounds are resveratrol and emodin, among others. May be estrogenic.
PEER REVIEW SCIENCE: "The effect of emodin on Staphylococcus aureus strains in planktonic form and biofilm formation in vitro," by Yan X1, Gu S1, Shi Y1, Cui X1, Wen S1, Ge J2. LINK: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28616631?log$=activity ABSTRACT: ..."Moreover, the present study demonstrated that sub-MICs emodin obviously intervened the release of extracellular DNA and inhibited expression of the biofilm-related genes (cidA, icaA, dltB, agrA, sortaseA and sarA) by real-time RT-PCR. These results revealed a promising application for emodin as a therapeutic agent and an effective strategy to prevent S. aureus biofilm-related infections."
"Antifungal activity of 40 TCMs used individually and in combination for treatment of superficial fungal infections," Yang F1, Ding S1, Liu W2, Liu J3, Zhang W1, Zhao Q4, Ma X5. LINK: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25625353?log$=activity
[ 06-01-2018, 08:57 AM: Message edited by: WakeUp ]
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STREBLUS ASPER (Family: Moraceae) A tree/shrub found widely in Asia. This traditional Indian medicine uses most parts of the plant, and is: anti-filarial (stem bark), anti-inflammatory, anti-cancer, anti-dysentery(stem bark), anti-leprosy, anti-snake venom (root), anti-obesity(root), sinusitis (root), toothache(stem).
The active filaricidal compounds are thought to be K029 (Asperoside) and K030 (Strebloside).
"Streblus asper Lour. (Shakhotaka): A Review of its Chemical, Pharmacological and Ethnomedicinal Properties," by Subha Rastogi,1 Dinesh K. Kulshreshtha, and Ajay Kumar Singh Rawat LINK: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1475940/Posts: 696 | From New York | Registered: Aug 2006
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EPIDEMIUM BREVICORNUM (barrenwort, bishop's hat horny goat weed-- family Berberidaceae) A traditional Chinese medicine. Antibiofilm.
PEER REVIEW SCIENCE: Eradication of Propionibacterium acnes biofilms by plant extracts and putative identification of icariin, resveratrol and salidroside as active compounds by Coenyea, Tom; Brackman, Gilles; Rigole, Petra; Witte, Evy De; Honraet, Kris; Rossel, Bart; Nelis, Ha
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