Riboswitches are conserved regions of mRNA (messenger RNA).
Riboswitches are widespread in bacteria, whereas they appear to be less common in eukaryotes.
So far, no riboswitches have been identified in animals, and due to their role in regulating vital cellular processes, they are potential targets for antimicrobial drugs.
curious what "vitamins" the researchers are looking at binding riboswitches!
***Cyclic di-GMP-II riboswitches*** are a *pseudoknotted structure* = a "folding" (sort of).
So when exposed to our blood as the tick feeds Bb uses what is called a "riboswitch" and
on "his" way out, expresses OspC which grabs onto of SALP15 (a "sugary" protein) and another really bad (for us) protein called p8 which prevents our immune system from fully chopping Bb all of Bb's proteins up (inhibits the lectin pathway).
That �riboswitch� maybe the way Bb alters �his� Osp(s)�perhaps.
RNA molecules form pseudoknots.
RNA is made up of a long chain of components called nucleotides. Each nucleotide consists of a nucleobase (nitrogen-based molecules), ***a ribose sugar,*** and a phosphate group.
The sequence of nucleotides allows RNA to encode genetic information. All cellular organisms use messenger RNA (mRNA) to carry the genetic information that directs the synthesis of proteins.
In addition, many viruses use RNA instead of DNA as their genetic material.
(Nucleobases include adenine, guanine, etc.)
GMP consists of the phosphate group, the pentose sugar ribose, and the nucleobase *guanine.*
The Tick Salivary Protein, Salp15, ***Inhibits the Development of Experimental Asthma***
Activation of Th2 CD4+ T cells is necessary and sufficient to elicit allergic airway disease, a mouse model with many features of human allergic asthma.
It would appear the activation of Th2 CD4+ T cells maybe inhibited because of SALP15.
What lyme patients *and* MS patients need to happen is a very specific antibody called IgG1k.
The "k" (kappa - light chain) is important...very. It doesn't happen.
The target for IgG1k is IgE � Fc region.
The fragment crystallizable region (Fc region) is the tail region of an antibody that interacts with cell surface receptors called Fc receptors and some proteins of the complement system.
This property allows antibodies to activate the immune system.
Oftentimes (but not always) a Th2 response happens first i.e., the typical lyme rash i.e., allergic response THEN the bad response...Th1 response in response to a viral protein.
It would appear p8 is a viral protein.
"Our findings show that basal p8 expression represses autophagy and
protects cells from autophagy-induced cell death."
Look at the mention of anti-oxidants in the above link!
SOD is an anti-oxidant enzyme, a protein, with manganese attached.
I think a key one maybe Mn-SOD which Bb uses to protect �himself� from oxidative damage and OUR mitochondria (cell powerhouses) use too. Not enough Mn-SOD to go around � to protect our SELF?
ROS (reactive oxygen species) in cancer and other diseases:
NORMALLY our NK cells (natural killer) work by sort of �spitting� a free radical at pre-cancerous cells to kill them.
Unbelievable as it may seem�we make about 4 pre-cancerous cells every day (DNA damaged). BUT�NK cells can (and do) only work in an alkaline environment.
They shut off/numbers are decreased when we exercise and make a lot of acids�lactic, because it that case they are not needed.
While it is the job of NK cells to destroy DNA damaged pre-cancerous cells, AKT8 = anti-apoptotic kinase.
Anti-apoptotic = Something that prevents apoptosis. Apoptosis is a type of cell death in which a series of molecular steps in a cell leads to its death.
In many neurodegenerative diseases there are some bystander cells that take a hit.
They are called SY �undifferentiated cells� and they would have become wonderful cells if it were not for brain inflammation happening.
Bb is NOT TOXIC to brain cells, but inflammation IS. SY cells look to be�get this�STEM CELLS!
Taken together, these findings indicate that
B. burgdorferi is not directly toxic to SY cells;
rather, these cells become distressed and die in the inflammatory surroundings generated by microglia through a bystander effect.
Probably not a good idea for brain inflammation to knock off brain stem cells!
Back to the beginning�Bb and Leishmania in macrophages.
Bb ferments glucose�to produce:
Borrelia can obtain energy from the fermentation of glucose to lactic acid, and the product of the BBB29 gene is presumably involved in transport of glucose into the cell..
In this study we have demonstrated for the first time the presence of the enzyme ***L-alanine***: 4,5-dioxovalerate transaminase in Leishmania donovani.
This enzyme catalyzes the synthesis of 5-aminolevulinic acid (ALA), the first committed step in *heme* synthesis.
[ 08-06-2012, 07:14 AM: Message edited by: Marnie ]
Posts: 9481 | From Sunshine State | Registered: Mar 2001
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Keebler
Honored Contributor (25K+ posts)
Member # 12673
posted
- Yes, they certainly do look nearly identical.
1. Wiki site, take the L. photo, clinking to enlarge it and then pulling it off the site onto my desktop, opening then in a different window.
2. Same with the small blue photo at the Fry site, that transfers nicely to desktop.
3. Then both can be viewed, same size, side by side on computer screen.
Only major difference I see is the color stain, and a minor difference or two.
True, the clarity could improve with further magnification and other slide samples, etc. but it's a stunning similarity, indeed. Perhaps the same thing or a very close cousin?
If these could be see unstained, or with exact same color staining, wonder if they would have any color variations? Configuration, though, looks like twins. -
Posts: 48021 | From Tree House | Registered: Jul 2007
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Marnie
Frequent Contributor (5K+ posts)
Member # 773
posted
Yes, I too wish we had a more powerful magnification!
You do know about methylene blue (Rember - a drug) for Alzheimer's, right?
I asked Tom Grier...he said not safe.
Another piece of the puzzle "fits"...Tritec.
If citrates impact biofilms...Tritec is rantinidine bismuth CITRATE!
And a long time ago, researchers found Tritec is capable of destroying ALL FORMS OF Bb
in the GI tract only.
It is/was NOT SAFE to give any forms of bismuth (only 2 are safe for humans to take ORALLY) systemically. It was tried (for lyme).
Tritec is rantinidine (Zantac) bismuth citrate.
Zantac lowers the PRODUCTION OF our stomach acid...HCL.
By taking something that contains HCL, do we thus shut off our production of the same?
Bismuth is a very peculiar metal. It is used in...get this...magic acts for levitation! I studied it a long time ago in depth. It is the most diagmagnetic metal of all.
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