Monosaccharides
Three common sugars share the same molecular formula: C6H12O6. Because of their six carbon atoms, each is a hexose. They are:
glucose, "blood sugar", the immediate source of energy for cellular respiration
galactose, a sugar in milk (and yogurt), and
fructose, a sugar found in honey.
Glucose, galactose, and fructose are "single" sugars or monosaccharides. Two monosaccharides can be linked together to form a "double" sugar or disaccharide.
Disaccharides
Three common disaccharides:
sucrose - common table sugar = glucose + fructose
lactose - major sugar in milk = glucose + galactose
maltose - product of starch digestion = glucose + glucose
Although the process of linking the two monomers is rather complex, the end result in each case is the loss of a hydrogen atom (H) from one of the monosaccharides and a hydroxyl group (OH) from the other. Thus the molecular formula of each of these disaccharides is
C12H22O11 = 2 C6H12O6 - H2O
All sugars are very soluble in water because of their many hydroxyl groups. Although not as concentrated a fuel as fats, sugars are the most important source of energy for many cells.
Carbohydrates provide the bulk of the calories (4 kcal/gram) in most diets and starches provide the bulk of that. Starches are polysaccharides.
Animals store excess glucose by polymerizing it to form glycogen. The structure of glycogen is similar to that of amylopectin, although the branches in glycogen tend to be shorter and more frequent.
Glycogen is broken back down into glucose when energy is needed (a process called glycogenolysis).
In glycogenolysis,
phosphate groups - not water - break the 1 -> 4 linkages
the phosphate group must then be removed so that glucose can leave the cell.
The liver and skeletal muscle are major depots of glycogen.
There is some evidence that intense exercise and a high-carbohydrate diet ("carbo-loading") can increase the reserves of glycogen in the muscles and thus may help marathoners work their muscles somewhat longer and harder than otherwise. But for most of us, carbo loading leads to increased deposits of fat.
users.rcn.com/jkimball.ma.ultranet/ BiologyPages/C/Carbohydrates.html
The pure stuff Splenda is made from has been given the chemical name
"sucralose". They make it by replacing two of the molecules in sugar with
CHLORINE molecules. This renders the sugar indigestible. It's been used in
Europe for over 20 years with no side effects reported. The US was the last
in line to approve it. "
sucralose modified sucrose Splenda 600 times sweeter than sucrose. Actually made from sugar, but not broken down by body (sucrose molecule in which three of the -OH groups have been replaced by chlorine atoms). Safe for use in pregnancy. Does not break down when heated.
Stevia diterpene glycosides 300 times sweeter than sucrose. A natural sweetener extracted from the Stevia rebaudiana plant. Technically a dietary supplement because it has not been evaluated or approved by the FDA; however, generally regarded as safe.
www.drbunn.com/sweet.htm
Stevia is an HERB.
Re: Splenda...REPLACING 2 of the molecules in sugar WITH CHLORINE MOLECULES? A herx response???...
HELP... need a biochemist! Any on board? Especially one who understands gram negative bacteria are sensitive to acids (strong neg. charges)...and most like sugars.
[This message has been edited by Marnie (edited 26 May 2003).]