CaliforniaLyme
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I had to put this one first!!!!! WOW. ******************************* 1: Neuroreport. 2006 Nov 6;17(16):1729-33. Links
Carnosol, a component of rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis L.) protects nigral dopaminergic neuronal cells.
Kim SJ, Kim JS, Cho HS, Lee HJ, Kim SY, Kim S, Lee SY, Chun HS. Department of Biotechnology, Research Center for Proteineous Materials, Chosun University, Gwangju, Republic of Korea.
Carnosol, a major component of Rosmarinus officinalis, is a phenolic diterpene that has potent antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities.
In this study, we investigated the protective effects of carnosol on rotenone-induced neurotoxicity in cultured dopaminergic cells. Results showed that cell viability was significantly improved with carnosol through downregulation of caspase-3.
Furthermore, carnosol significantly increased the tyrosine hydroxylase, Nurr1, and extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2.
These results suggest that carnosol may have potential as a possible compound for the development of new agents to treat Parkinson's disease.
PMID: 17047462 [PubMed - in process]
Even *smelling* it can make you healthier*)!*)!!
*************************** 1: Psychiatry Res. 2007 Feb 6
Smelling lavender and rosemary increases free radical scavenging activity and decreases cortisol level in saliva.
Atsumi T, Tonosaki K. Department of Oral Physiology, Meikai University, School of Dentistry, 1-1, Keyaki-dai, Sakado-shi, Saitama 350-0283, Japan.
Free radicals/reactive oxygen species are related to many biological phenomena such as inflammation, aging, and carcinogenesis.
The body possesses various antioxidative systems (free radical scavenging activity, FRSA) for preventing oxidative stress, and saliva contains such activity.
In the present study, we measured the total salivary FRSA induced after the smelling of lavender and rosemary essential oils that are widely used in aromatherapy.
Various physiologically active substances in saliva such as cortisol, secretory IgA, and alpha-amylase activity were found to be correlated with aroma-induced FRSA.
The subjects (22 healthy volunteers) sniffed aroma for 5 min, and each subject's saliva was collected immediately. FRSA was measured using 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl.
The FRSA values were increased by stimulation with low concentrations (1000 times dilution) of lavender or by high-concentrations (10 times dilution) of rosemary.
In contrast, both lavender and rosemary stimulations decreased cortisol levels.
A significant inverse correlation was observed between the FRSA values and the cortisol levels with each concentration of rosemary stimulation.
No significant changes were noted in sIgA or alpha-amylase.
These findings clarify that lavender and rosemary enhance FRSA and decrease the stress hormone, cortisol, which protects the body from oxidative stress.
-------------------- There is no wealth but life. -John Ruskin
All truth goes through 3 stages: first it is ridiculed: then it is violently opposed: finally it is accepted as self evident. - Schopenhauer Posts: 5639 | From Aptos CA USA | Registered: Apr 2005
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CaliforniaLyme
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1: J Agric Food Chem. 2007 Feb 9;
Characterization of Topical Antiinflammatory Compounds in Rosmarinus officinalis L.
Altinier G, Sosa S, Aquino RP, Mencherini T, Loggia RD, Tubaro A. D.M.R.N., University of Trieste, Via A. Valerio 6, 34127 Trieste, Italy, and Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Salerno, Via Ponte Don Melillo, 84084 Fisciano (Salerno), Italy.
The topical antiinflammatory activity of three extracts at increasing polarity (n-exane, chloroform, and methanol) from the leaves of Rosmarinus officinalis L. (Labiatae) has been tested using the croton oil ear test in mice.
Both the n-hexane and the chloroform (CE-1) extracts from the leaves showed a dose-dependent activity, the last one possessing an antiinflammatory potency similar to that of indomethacin, the nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drug used as a reference drug (ID50 = 83 and 93 mug/cm2, respectively).
The bioassay-oriented fractionation of CE-1 led to the identification of tritepenes, ursolic acid, oleanolic acid, and micromeric acid as the main antiinflammatory principles.
Furthermore, the CE-1 extract obtained from the residue of the steam distillation of the leaves (extract A) showed the same antiinflammatory potency of CE-1, suggesting this waste product as a source of antiinflammatory products.
-------------------- There is no wealth but life. -John Ruskin
All truth goes through 3 stages: first it is ridiculed: then it is violently opposed: finally it is accepted as self evident. - Schopenhauer Posts: 5639 | From Aptos CA USA | Registered: Apr 2005
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CaliforniaLyme
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1: Cancer Res. 2006 Dec 15;66(24):11938-45.
DNA damage by benzo(a)pyrene in human cells is increased by cigarette smoke and decreased by a filter containing rosemary extract, which lowers free radicals.
Alexandrov K, Rojas M, Rolando C. Universite des Sciences et Technologies de Lille, Chimie Organique et Macromoleculaire and IFR 118, Proteomique, Modifications Post-trductionnelles et Glycobiologie, Villeneuve d'Ascq, France. [email protected]
We found previously that the human lung benzo(a)pyrene (BP)-7,8-diol-9,10-epoxide-N(2)-deoxyguanosine (BPDE-dG) adduct concentrate in the target bronchial cells.
This adduct is now considered to be critical event in tumorigenesis by BP. In this study, we investigate the contribution of cigarette smoke on the BPDE-dG formation.
In a cell-free system, the amount of (-)-anti-BPDE-dG adduct increased linearly with concentration of cigarette smoke in the presence of (+)-BP-7,8-diol.
Catalase and superoxide dismutase inhibited its formation by >80%. When MCF-7 cells were treated for 2 hours with the (+)-BP-7,8-diol, cigarette smoke increased dose dependently the formation of (-)-anti-BPDE-dG and decreased the cytochrome P450 (CYP)-dependent formation of (+)-r-7,t-8-dihydroxy-c-9,10-oxy-7,8,9,10-tetrahydro-BP the adduct.
Then, cells were treated for up to 1 day with BP and then exposed for 2 hours with cigarette smoke.
During these 2 hours, there are twice the increase in the adduct formation in cells treated with cigarette smoke compared with levels in nontreated cells due to CYP activity.
Thus, cigarette smoke containing reactive oxygen species may activate the second step of BP metabolic way, leading to the formation of BPDE-dG adduct.
Cigarette smoke thus seems may be in part responsible for the formation of the critical lung tumorigenic adduct.
Finally, modified cigarette filter containing rosemary extract decreases by >70% of the BPDE-dG adducts level due to the cigarette smoke in MCF-7 cells.
This approach may lead to decreasing lung cancer risk in addicted smokers.
PMID: 17178892
-------------------- There is no wealth but life. -John Ruskin
All truth goes through 3 stages: first it is ridiculed: then it is violently opposed: finally it is accepted as self evident. - Schopenhauer Posts: 5639 | From Aptos CA USA | Registered: Apr 2005
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CaliforniaLyme
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So it is anti-cancer and anti-inflammtory!! ********* 1: J Appl Toxicol. 2006 Dec 19;
Carnosic acid from rosemary extracts: a potential chemoprotective agent against aflatoxin B1. An in vitro study.
Costa S, Utan A, Speroni E, Cervellati R, Piva G, Prandini A, Guerra MC. Department of Pharmacology, University of Bologna, Italy.
Since oxidative stress plays an important role in the toxicity mechanism of several mycotoxins such as aflatoxin B1 (AFB1), the use of natural or synthetic free radical scavengers could be a potential chemopreventive strategy.
Carnosic acid (CA) is the major polyphenolic compound present in rosemary plants and it can also be found in sage leaves.
Its free radical scavenging properties were tested with two chemical methods.
It was found that it has good free radical scavenging capacity at pH 7.4. This study also found that a 24 h pre-treatment with 10, 20 and 30 mum CA led to a clear, dose-dependent protective effect on cell toxicity, reducing cell death induced by a 24 h exposure with 10 mum AFB1, respectively, by 16% , 26% and 63%.
It was also found that a 24 h pre-treatment with 20 and 30 mum CA achieved a reduction of ROS levels, respectively, of 146% and 173% in HepG2 cells exposed to 10 mum AFB1 for 8 h.
Moreover, in cells pre-incubated with 30 mum CA for 24 h the concentration of 8-OH-deoxyguanine decreased by 57% with respect to the cells exposed for 24 h to 10 mum AFB1 alone.
The results obtained with the in vitro and chemical studies support the theory that AFB1 induced oxidative stress plays an important role in the cytotoxic mechanism of this mycotoxin.
Furthermore these findings suggest a starting point for developing alimentary strategies in order to counteract the damage caused by AFB1 contamination in feed and food. Copyright (c) 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
PMID: 17177234
-------------------- There is no wealth but life. -John Ruskin
All truth goes through 3 stages: first it is ridiculed: then it is violently opposed: finally it is accepted as self evident. - Schopenhauer Posts: 5639 | From Aptos CA USA | Registered: Apr 2005
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Marnie
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CAREFUL (with lavender)!
Do we need to decrease or increase estrogen?
(Both sexes have different amts. of this hormone as well as testosterone. as we age, it appears there is a natural shift - women have less estrogen, but more testosterone and visa versa. These hormones COME FROM the breakdown of cholesterol. We need cholesterol to form our own cell walls as well as the myelin sheath.)
Lavender looks to INCREASE estrogen, Rosemary to DECREASE estrogen levels.
Boys who were pre puberty, and who used lavender in topical formulas, developed enlarged breasts. It halted, reversed, when they stopped using these lavender based oils, creams, etc. This was in the news recently.
We may already be in an estrogen dominent situation as this hormone lowers cholesterol.
One doctor's viewpoint:
"Most adults are walking around with estrogen dominance due to our diet and exposure to environmental estrogen.
Excessive estrogen reduces circulating Magnesium, leading to a relative excess of calcium.
So any excessive calcium will only increase even more the already high ca/mg ratio in the presence of high estrogen.
The lesions of arteries and heart caused by experimental Mg deficiency have been well documented and may contribute to human cardiovascular disease.
Estrogen's enhancement of Mg utilization and uptake by soft tissues and bone may explain resistance of young women to heart disease and osteoporosis, as well as increased prevalence of these diseases when estrogen secretion ceases.
4. In summary:
a. Most of us are in an estrogen dominant environment, resulting in lowered Magnesium.
b. Most of us can easily get into a calcium dominant environment. Reason: Too little magnesium.
c. Most of us are in a magnesium deficient state.
As a result, we all end up with too much calcium."
I think Al is a big problem in lyme. Aluminum. It may well be displacing Mg. It may well be at toxic levels. See my post today under the lactoferrrin discussion.
The herbs are powerful. More powerful than we realize.
Posts: 9424 | From Sunshine State | Registered: Mar 2001
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CaliforniaLyme
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I don't DO lavendar*)!)*! Just rosemary*)!*)! I don't really like lavendar- except the color*)!! ********************************************** Rosemary increases memory- "rosemary for remembrance" is a truth!!!! ******************************* 1: Int J Neurosci. 2003 Jan;113(1):15-38. Links
Aromas of rosemary and lavender essential oils differentially affect cognition and mood in healthy adults.
Moss M, Cook J, Wesnes K, Duckett P. Human Cognitive Neuroscience Unit, Division of Psychology, Northumberland Building, University of Northumbria, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE1 8ST, UK. [email protected]
This study was designed to assess the olfactory impact of the essential oils of lavender (Lavandula angustifolia) and rosemary (Rosmarlnus officinalis) on cognitive performance and mood in healthy volunteers.
One hundred and forty-four participants were randomly assigned to one of three independent groups, and subsequently performed the Cognitive Drug Research (CDR) computerized cognitive assessment battery in a cubicle containing either one of the two odors or no odor (control).
Visual analogue mood questionnaires were completed prior to exposure to the odor, and subsequently after completion of the test battery.
The participants were deceived as to the genuine aim of the study until the completion of testing to prevent expectancy effects from possibly influencing the data.
The outcome variables from the nine tasks that constitute the CDR core battery feed into six factors that represent different aspects of cognitive functioning.
Analysis of performance revealed that lavender produced a significant decrement in performance of working memory, and impaired reaction times for both memory and attention based tasks compared to controls.
In contrast, rosemary produced a significant enhancement of performance for overall quality of memory and secondary memory factors, but also produced an impairment of speed of memory compared to controls.
With regard to mood, comparisons of the change in ratings from baseline to post-test revealed that following the completion of the cognitive assessment battery, both the control and lavender groups were significantly less alert than the rosemary condition; however, the control group was significantly less content than both rosemary and lavender conditions.
These findings indicate that the olfactory properties of these essential oils can produce objective effects on cognitive performance, as well as subjective effects on mood.
PMID: 12690999
-------------------- There is no wealth but life. -John Ruskin
All truth goes through 3 stages: first it is ridiculed: then it is violently opposed: finally it is accepted as self evident. - Schopenhauer Posts: 5639 | From Aptos CA USA | Registered: Apr 2005
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CaliforniaLyme
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ANd of main benefit to Lyme patients- it's anti-inflammatory properties of course- but also it's anti-viral properties!!! For those of us who may have TBE variant viruses- or people co-infectd with HIV even- *********************************** 1: J Nat Prod. 1993 Aug;56(8):1426-30. Links
Erratum in: J Nat Prod 1994 Apr;57(4):552.
Inhibitory effect of carnosic acid on HIV-1 protease in cell-free assays [corrected] Paris A, Strukelj B, Renko M, Turk V, Pukl M, Umek A, Korant BD. Department of Biochemistry, Jozef Stefan Institute, Ljubljana, Slovenia.
In order to find new effective HIV protease inhibitors, two diterpenes (carnosic acid [1] and carnosol [5]) were isolated from rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis L.), and rosmanol [2] and semisynthetic derivatives (7-O-methylrosmanol [3], 7-O-ethylrosmanol [4], and 11,12-O,O-dimethylcarnosol [6]) were prepared.
The inhibitory activity of all six compounds against HIV-1 protease was tested.
The carnosic acid [1] showed the strongest inhibitory effect (IC90 = 0.08 micrograms/ml).
The same compound was also assayed against HIV-1 virus replication (IC90 = 0.32 micrograms/ml).
The cytotoxic TC90 on H9 lymphocytes was 0.36 micrograms/ml, which is very close to the effective antiviral dose.
Additionally, the tested compounds did not inhibit cellular aspartic proteases cathepsin D and pepsin at the concentration range up to 10 micrograms/ml
PMID: 8229021
-------------------- There is no wealth but life. -John Ruskin
All truth goes through 3 stages: first it is ridiculed: then it is violently opposed: finally it is accepted as self evident. - Schopenhauer Posts: 5639 | From Aptos CA USA | Registered: Apr 2005
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CaliforniaLyme
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An evaluation of the antioxidant and antiviral action of extracts of rosemary and Provencal herbs.
Aruoma OI, Spencer JP, Rossi R, Aeschbach R, Khan A, Mahmood N, Munoz A, Murcia A, Butler J, Halliwell B. Pharmacology Group, University of London King's College, UK.
Extracts of herbs and spices are increasingly of interest in the food industry because they retard oxidative degradation of lipids.
There is also increasing interest in the antiviral activity of plant products.
A liquid, deodorized rosemary extract and an oily extract of a mixture of Provencal herbs were tested for antioxidant and antiviral action in vitro.
The rosemary extract (Herbor 025) and the extract of Provencal herbs (Spice Cocktail) inhibited peroxidation of phospholipid liposomes with 50% inhibition concentration values of 0.0009% (v/v) and 0.0035% (v/v), respectively.
Herbor 025 and the spice cocktail (at 0.2%, v/v) reacted with trichloromethylperoxyl radical with calculated rates of 2.7 x 10(4) s-1 and 1.5 x 10(3) s-1, respectively. The main active components in the herbal preparations, carnosol and carnosic acid, at 0.05% (v/v) react with rate constants of (1-3) x 10(6) M-1 sec-1 and 2.7 x 10(7) M-1 sec-1, respectively.
Both extracts show good antioxidant activity in the Rancimat test, especially in lard. Herbor 025 and the spice cocktail inhibited human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection at very low concentrations which were also cytotoxic.
However, purified carnosol exhibited definite anti-HIV activity at a concentration (8 microM) which was not cytotoxic.
Both preparations promoted some DNA damage in the copper-phenanthroline and the bleomycin-iron systems.
The two herbal preparations possess antioxidant properties that may make them useful in the food matrix.
PMID: 8655093
-------------------- There is no wealth but life. -John Ruskin
All truth goes through 3 stages: first it is ridiculed: then it is violently opposed: finally it is accepted as self evident. - Schopenhauer Posts: 5639 | From Aptos CA USA | Registered: Apr 2005
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CaliforniaLyme
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Antioxidant and pro-oxidant properties of active rosemary constituents: carnosol and carnosic acid.
Aruoma OI, Halliwell B, Aeschbach R, Loligers J. Biochemistry Department, University of London, King's College, UK.
1. Carnosol and carnosic acid have been suggested to account for over 90% of the antioxidant properties of rosemary extract.
2. Purified carnosol and carnosic acid are powerful inhibitors of lipid peroxidation in microsomal and liposomal systems, more effective than propyl gallate.
3. Carnosol and carnosic acid are good scavengers of peroxyl radicals (CCl3O2.) generated by pulse radiolysis, with calculated rate constants of 1-3 x 10(6) M-1 s-1 and 2.7 x 10(7) M-1 s-1 respectively.
4. Carnosic acid reacted with HOCl in such a way as to protect the protein alpha 1-antiproteinase against inactivation.
5. Both carnosol and carnosic acid stimulated DNA damage in the bleomycin assay but they scavenged hydroxyl radicals in the deoxyribose assay.
The calculated rate constants for reaction with .OH in the deoxyribose system for carnosol and carnosic acid were 8.7 x 10(10) M-1 s-1 and 5.9 x 10(10) M-1 s-1 respectively.
6. Carnosic acid appears to scavenge H2O2, but it could also act as a substrate for the peroxidase system.
7. Carnosic acid and carnosol reduce cytochrome c but with a rate constant significantly lower than that of O2(-.).
PMID: 1378672
-------------------- There is no wealth but life. -John Ruskin
All truth goes through 3 stages: first it is ridiculed: then it is violently opposed: finally it is accepted as self evident. - Schopenhauer Posts: 5639 | From Aptos CA USA | Registered: Apr 2005
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CaliforniaLyme
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OHMYGOD!!! Maybe this is why I find rosemary helps me so much!!! I just feel better when I eat a lot of it!! I had a lot of ALS type and MS type and Parkie type (a real Lyme mutt, all the wonddnerful stuff!) symptoms!!!! LOOK AT THIS YOU GUYS!! ****
1: Neuroreport. 2006 Nov 6;17(16):1729-33.
Carnosol, a component of rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis L.) protects nigral dopaminergic neuronal cells.
Kim SJ, Kim JS, Cho HS, Lee HJ, Kim SY, Kim S, Lee SY, Chun HS. Department of Biotechnology, Research Center for Proteineous Materials, Chosun University, Gwangju, Republic of Korea.
Carnosol, a major component of Rosmarinus officinalis, is a phenolic diterpene that has potent antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities.
In this study, we investigated the protective effects of carnosol on rotenone-induced neurotoxicity in cultured dopaminergic cells.
Results showed that cell viability was significantly improved with carnosol through downregulation of caspase-3.
Furthermore, carnosol significantly increased the tyrosine hydroxylase, Nurr1, and extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2.
These results suggest that carnosol may have potential as a possible compound for the development of new agents to treat Parkinson's disease.
PMID: 17047462 [PubMed - in process]
-------------------- There is no wealth but life. -John Ruskin
All truth goes through 3 stages: first it is ridiculed: then it is violently opposed: finally it is accepted as self evident. - Schopenhauer Posts: 5639 | From Aptos CA USA | Registered: Apr 2005
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CaliforniaLyme
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Carnosic acid, a component of rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis L.), promotes synthesis of nerve growth factor in T98G human glioblastoma cells. Biol Pharm Bull. 2003 Nov;26(11):1620-2. Nerve growth factor (NGF) is a factor vital for the growth and functional maintenance of nerve tissue. The authors found that a rosemary extract enhanced the production of NGF in T98G human glioblastoma cells. Furthermore, the results indicated that carnosic acid and carnosol, which are major components of the rosemary extract, were able to promote markedly enhanced synthesis of NGF.
Rosemary herb by Ray Sahelian, M.D.
Rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis Linn.) is a common household plant grown in many parts of the world. Rosemary is used for flavoring food, a beverage drink, as well as in cosmetics. In folk medicine, rosemary is used as an antispasmodic in renal colic and for dysmenorrhoea, in relieving respiratory disorders and to stimulate growth of hair. Extracts of rosemary relax smooth muscles of trachea and intestine, and have liver protective and anti-tumor activity.
What's in Rosemary? The most important constituents of rosemary are carnosol, carnosic acid, caffeic acid and its derivatives such as rosmarinic acid. These compounds have powerful antioxidant activity. Rosmarinic acid is well absorbed from gastrointestinal tract and from the skin. It increases the production of prostaglandin E2 and reduces the production of leukotriene B4 in human white blood cells, and inhibits the complement system. This makes rosmarinic acid a strong anti-inflammatory agent.
Rosemary summary
Rosemary and its constituents have a therapeutic potential in bronchial asthma, peptic ulcer, prostate disorders, inflammatory diseases, liver toxicity, atherosclerosis, ischaemic heart disease, cataract, leukemia, cancer and poor sperm motility. However, at this time we know very little regarding rosemary extracts and their clinical application in human health and disease.
Rosemary Research Update
Adding a dash of rosemary extract to ground beef reduces the amount of cancer -causing compounds created during the cooking process. When antioxidants extracted from rosemary were added to ground beef, hamburgers contained smaller amounts of heterocyclic amines, or HCAs, carcinogenic compounds that form when muscle meats like beef, pork and poultry are cooked at high temperatures. Antioxidants in rosemary are also found in smaller amounts in other spices such as oregano, sage and basil. The antioxidants likely reduce HCAs by blocking the chemical process that creates the cancer-causing compounds. Previous research has also suggested that frequently flipping burgers, trimming off fat and skin before grilling meat, and removing charred portions after grilling may reduce the amount of HCAs in meat. Microwaving meat does not appear to create HCAs because the temperature in a microwave stays relatively low.
Chemical composition, plant genetic differences, antimicrobial and antifungal activity investigation of the essential oil of Rosmarinus officinalis L. J Agric Food Chem. 2004 Jun 2;52(11):3530-5. The chemical composition of the essential oil of the Rosmarinus officinalis L. ( Rosemary ) was studied. Rosemary samples were collected at different latitude and longitude of Sardinia (Italy). The yields ranged between 1.75 and 0.48% (v/w, volume/dry-weight). A total of 30 components were identified in rosemary oil. The major compounds in the essential oil were alpha-pinene, borneol, (-) camphene, camphor, verbenone, and bornyl-acetate.
Effects of a novel gaseous antioxidative system containing a rosemary extract on the oxidation induced by nitrogen dioxide and ultraviolet radiation. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem. 2004 Apr;68(4):781-6. Rosemary is commonly used as a spice and a flavoring agent in food processing. Although the antioxidative properties of its extracts have been investigated, there have been few reports on the volatile components of rosemary. These data suggest that the volatile constituents of a rosemary extract had antioxidative properties.
Carnosic acid, a component of rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis L.), promotes synthesis of nerve growth factor in T98G human glioblastoma cells. Biol Pharm Bull. 2003 Nov;26(11):1620-2. Nerve growth factor (NGF) is a factor vital for the growth and functional maintenance of nerve tissue. The authors found that a rosemary extract enhanced the production of NGF in T98G human glioblastoma cells. Furthermore, the results indicated that carnosic acid and carnosol, which are major components of the rosemary extract, were able to promote markedly enhanced synthesis of NGF.
Antioxidant activities of rosemary, sage, and sumac extracts and their combinations on stability of natural peanut oil. J Med Food. 2003 Fall;6(3):267-70. The antioxidant efficacy of rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis L.), sage (Salvia fruticosa L.), and sumac extracts were investigated. Methanolic extracts of rosemary, sage, sumac, and their combinations were applied to peanut oil stored at 80 degrees C for 24 h. All extracts showed antioxidant effects compared with control. But the antioxidant effect of all extracts was low compared with that of butylated hydroxytoluene. Rosemary extract exhibited the most antioxidant effect compared with other individual extracts.
Phenolic diterpenes, flavones, and rosmarinic acid distribution during the development of leaves, flowers, stems, and roots of Rosmarinus officinalis. Antioxidant activity. J Agric Food Chem. 2003 Jul 16;51(15):4247-53. The distribution of six compounds with three different polyphenol skeletons have been studied in rosemary: phenolic diterpenes (carnosic acid, carnosol, and 12-O-methylcarnosic acid), caffeoyl derivatives (rosmarinic acid), and flavones (isoscutellarein 7-O-glucoside and genkwanin), each showing a characteristic behavior and distribution during the vegetative cycle. Only in leaves were all six compounds present. Rosmarinic acid showed the highest concentrations of all the polyphenols in all organs. The antioxidant activity of six extracts with different polyphenolic composition was evaluated in aqueous and lipid systems. The results clearly suggest that rosemary extracts are excellent antioxidants in both aqueous and lipid systems.
Quantitative determination of phenolic diterpenes in rosemary extracts. Aspects of accurate quantification. J Chromatogr A. 2003 May 2;995(1-2):119-25. Practical challenges related to accurate quantification of carnosic acid, carnosol and other phenolic diterpenes in extracts of rosemary leaves are presented and discussed.
Aromas of rosemary and lavender essential oils differentially affect cognition and mood in healthy adults. Int J Neurosci. 2003 Jan;113(1):15-38. This study was designed to assess the olfactory impact of the essential oils of lavender (Lavandula angustifolia) and rosemary (Rosmarlnus officinalis) on cognitive performance and mood in healthy volunteers. One hundred and forty-four participants were randomly assigned to one of three independent groups, and subsequently performed the Cognitive Drug Research (CDR) computerized cognitive assessment battery in a cubicle containing either one of the two odors or no odor (control). Visual analogue mood questionnaires were completed prior to exposure to the odor, and subsequently after completion of the test battery. The participants were deceived as to the genuine aim of the study until the completion of testing to prevent expectancy effects from possibly influencing the data. Analysis of performance revealed that lavender produced a significant decrement in performance of working memory, and impaired reaction times for both memory and attention based tasks compared to controls. In contrast, rosemary produced a significant enhancement of performance for overall quality of memory and secondary memory factors, but also produced an impairment of speed of memory compared to controls. With regard to mood, comparisons of the change in ratings from baseline to post-test revealed that following the completion of the cognitive assessment battery, both the control and lavender groups were significantly less alert than the rosemary condition; however, the control group was significantly less content than both rosemary and lavender conditions. These findings indicate that the olfactory properties of these essential oils can produce objective effects on cognitive performance, as well as subjective effects on mood.
Suppressive effects of rosmarinic acid on mesangioproliferative glomerulonephritis in rats. Nephron. 2002 Dec;92(4):898-904. Rosmarinic acid is known to be a natural phenolic compound widely distributed in Labiatae herbs such as rosemary, sweet basil, and perilla. In the present study, we evaluated the suppressive effects of rosmarinic acid on mesangioproliferative glomerulonephritis in vivo. CONCLUSION: Rosmarinic acid would suppress the proliferation of mesangial cells and glomerular matrix expansion in vivo by its fibrinolytic and anti-oxidative activity.
Carnosic acid inhibits proliferation and augments differentiation of human leukemic cells induced by 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 and retinoic acid. Nutr Cancer. 2001;41(1-2):135-44. Carnosic acid, the polyphenolic diterpene derived from rosemary, is a strong dietary antioxidant that exhibits antimutagenic properties in bacteria and anticarcinogenic activity in various cell and animal models. In the present study, we show that carnosic acid inhibits proliferation of HL-60 and U937 human myeloid leukemia cells without induction of apoptotic or necrotic cell death. These results indicate that carnosic acid is capable of antiproliferative action in leukemic cells and can cooperate with other natural anticancer compounds in growth-inhibitory and differentiating effects.
Carnosol, an antioxidant in rosemary, suppresses inducible nitric oxide synthase through down-regulating nuclear factor-kappaB in mouse macrophages. Carcinogenesis. 2002 Jun;23(6):983-91. Carnosol is a naturally occurring phytopolyphenol found in rosemary. Carnosol functions as antioxidant and anticarcinogen. In the present study, we compared the antioxidant activity of carnosol and other compounds extracted from rosemary. Carnosol showed potent antioxidative activity.
Evaluation of the effectiveness of Rosmarinus officinalis (Lamiaceae) in the alleviation of carbon tetrachloride-induced acute hepatotoxicity in the rat. J Ethnopharmacol. 2002 Jul;81(2):145-54. The effect of oral administration of rosemary on CCl(4)-induced acute liver injury was investigated. Rats were daily treated with the plant extract at a dose of 200 mg/kg corresponding to 6.04 mg/kg of carnosol as determined by reverse phase high-performance liquid chromatography. The treatment was initiated 1 h after CCl(4) administration and rosemary fully prevented CCl(4) effect on hepatic lipid peroxidation after 24 h of CCl(4) administration.
Rosemary-stimulated reduction of DNA strand breaks and FPG-sensitive sites in mammalian cells treated with H2O2 or visible light-excited Methylene Blue. Cancer Lett. 2002 Mar 28;177(2):145-53. In this study possible protective effects of rosemary against oxidative DNA damage induced by H2O2- and visible light-excited Methylene Blue in colon cancer cells CaCo-2 and hamster lung cells V79 were investigated. We suggest that the extract of rosemary exhibits a protective effect against oxidative damage to DNA as a consequence of scavenging of both *OH radicals and singlet oxygen ((1)O2).
Antioxidant properties of phenolic diterpenes from Rosmarinus officinalis. Acta Pharmacol Sin. 2001 Dec;22(12):1094-8. AIM: To investigate the inhibition capacities of carnosol, rosmanol, and epirosmanol, which are phenolic diterpenes from rosemary, to oxidized low-density lipoprotein (LDL) formation in human blood and detect their scavenging activities to lipid free radical and superoxide anion in vitro. CONCLUSION: carnosol, rosmanol, and epirosmanol showed activity in inhibiting LDL oxidation.
Carnosol-induced apoptosis and downregulation of Bcl-2 in B-lineage leukemia cells. Cancer Lett. 2001 Sep 10;170(1):33-9. Carnosol, a phenolic compound extracted from the herb rosemary has been reported to have anti-cancer activity. We investigated whether carnosol was cytotoxic against several pro-B and pre-B acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) lines. In all ALL lines tested, carnosol induced apoptotic cell death distinguished by loss of nuclear DNA, externalization of cell membrane phosphatidylserine, and depolarization of mitochondrial membranes. These results suggest that carnosol may be useful as a novel chemotherapeutic agent against B-lineage leukemias, and possibly other types of cancers that express high levels of the protective protein, Bcl-2.
Chemistry and antioxidative factors in rosemary and sage. Biofactors. 2000;13(1-4):161-6. Rosemary and sage are common spices used in food. In our recent search of cancer chemopreventive agents from spices, the alcohol extracts of rosemary and sage showed strong antumorigenic activities. Rosemary and sage extracts contain active antioxidative factors such as phenolic diterpenes, flavonoids and phenolic acids.
Inhibitory effects of rosmarinic acid on the proliferation of cultured murine mesangial cells. Nephrol Dial Transplant. 2000 Aug;15(8):1140-5. Rosmarinic acid is a phenolic compound widely distributed in Labiatae herbs such as rosemary, sweet basil, and perilla, which are frequently used with meat and fish dishes in Western and Asian countries. In the present study we investigated the effects of rosmarinic acid on cultured murine mesangial cell proliferation. CONCLUSIONS: Rosmarinic acid inhibits cytokine-induced mesangial cell proliferation. Rosmarinic acid in Labiatae herbs might be a promising agent to prevent mesangial cell proliferation.
Allied studies on the effect of Rosmarinus officinalis L. on experimental hepatotoxicity and mutagenesis. Int J Food Sci Nutr. 1999 Nov;50(6):413-27. The hepatoprotective and antimutagenic effects of the rosemary essential oil and the ethanolic extract were investigated using carbon tetrachloride and cyclophosphamide as hepatotoxic and mutagenic compounds, respectively. Our results revealed that i.g. administration of the rosemary ethanolic extract to rats for 3 weeks produced the most pronounced hepatoprotective effect compared to silymarin (reference compound) due to the amelioration of most of the studied serum and liver parameters and confirmed by histopathological examination of the liver tissue. Pretreatment of mice for 7 days with the rosemary essential oil followed by i.p. injection with cyclophosphamide reduced significantly the induced mitodepression in the bone marrow cells of the animals. The potential hepatoprotective and antimutagenic activities of the rosemary ethanolic extract and essential oil, respectively, are attributed to the presence of a relatively high percentage of phenolic compounds with high antioxidant activity (according to our chemical studies).
Pharmacology of rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis Linn.) and its therapeutic potentials. Indian J Exp Biol. 1999 Feb;37(2):124-30. The use of plants is as old as the mankind. Natural products are cheap and claimed to be safe. They are also suitable raw material for production of new synthetic agents. Rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis Linn.) is a common household plant grown in many parts of the world. It is used for flavouring food, a beverage drink, as well as in cosmetics; in folkmedicine it is used as an antispasmodic in renal colic and dysmenorrhoea, in relieving respiratory disorders and to stimulate growth of hair. Extract of rosemary relaxes smooth muscles of trachea and intestine, and has choleretic, hepatoprotective and antitumerogenic activity. The most important constituents of rosemary are caffeic acid and its derivatives such as rosmarinic acid. These compounds have antioxidant effect. The phenolic compound, rosmarinic acid, obtains one of its phenolic rings from phenylalanine via caffeic acid and the other from tyrosine via dihydroxyphenyl-lactic acid. Rosmarinic acid is well absorbed from gastrointestinal tract and from the skin. It increases the production of prostaglandin E2 and reduces the production of leukotriene B4 in human polymorphonuclear leucocytes, and inhibits the complement system. It is concluded that rosemary and its constituents especially caffeic acid derivatives such as rosmarinic acid have a therapeutic potential in treatment or prevention of bronchial asthma, spasmogenic disorders, peptic ulcer, inflammatory diseases, hepatotoxicity, atherosclerosis, ischaemic heart disease, cataract, cancer and poor sperm motility.
Flavonoids in Rosmarinus officinalis leaves. Phytochemistry. 1994 Nov;37(5):1463-6. Three new flavonoid glucuronides, luteolin 3'-O-beta-D-glucuronide, luteolin 3'-O-(4"-O-acetyl)-beta-D-glucuronide, and luteolin 3'-O-(3"-O-acetyl)-beta-D-glucuronide, together with hesperidin, were isolated from 50% aqueous MeOH extract of the leaves of rosemary.
Rosmarinic Acid Research Rosmarinic acid. Institut fur Pharmazeutische Biologie, Philipps-Universitat Marburg, Deutschhausstr. 1Marburg, Germany. Rosmarinic acid is an ester of caffeic acid and 3,4-dihydroxyphenyllactic acid. It is commonly found in species of the Boraginaceae and the subfamily Nepetoideae of the Lamiaceae. However, it is also found in species of other higher plant families and in some fern and hornwort species. Rosmarinic acid has a number of interesting biological activities, e.g. antiviral, antibacterial, antiinflammatory and antioxidant. The presence of rosmarinic acid in medicinal plants, herbs and spices has beneficial and health promoting effects. In plants, rosmarinic acid is supposed to act as a preformed constitutively accumulated defence compound. The biosynthesis of rosmarinic acid starts with the amino acids L-phenylalanine and L-tyrosine. All eight enzymes involved in the biosynthesis are known and characterised and cDNAs of several of the involved genes have been isolated. Plant cell cultures, e.g. from Coleus blumei or Salvia officinalis, accumulate rosmarinic acid in amounts much higher than in the plant itself (up to 36% of the cell dry weight). For this reason a biotechnological production of rosmarinic acid with plant cell cultures has been proposed.
Rosmarinic acid is a natural polyphenolic substance contained in many Lamiaceae herbs such as Perilla frutescens.
-------------------- There is no wealth but life. -John Ruskin
All truth goes through 3 stages: first it is ridiculed: then it is violently opposed: finally it is accepted as self evident. - Schopenhauer Posts: 5639 | From Aptos CA USA | Registered: Apr 2005
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Marnie
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The historical use of rosemary is fascinating!
Have you found a link to it being able to inhibit
Phosphodiesterase I ?
History:
ROSEMARY (ROSMARINUS OFFICINALIS) This perennial herb is also known as Rosemarie. This herb has soft blue flowers, and originated in both the Mediterranean Sea and in North America.
It has since spread around the world by humans. The leaves are used medicinally.
Rosemary contains vitamins A and C as well as iron, calcium, magnesium, phosphorus, potassium, sodium and zinc.
Its large concentration of magnesium gives it a mild tranquilizing effect.
HISTORY: The Chinese have believed for centuries that Rosemary can cure baldness, as well as cure headaches. During the Dark Ages, it was believed that carrying Rosemary could ward off the Bubonic Plague. Rosemary is a popular bridal bouquet flower, as it is supposed to represent fidelity in a marriage.
INTERNAL USE: This herb can be taken as a tea or as a tincture. Rosemary Tea helps relieve depression, alleviate gas, colic, indigestion, nausea and fever. It also stimulates the cardiovascular system, increase body's production of bile and lowers blood pressure. A limit of 3 cups of Tea per day should be observed.
EXTERNAL USE: A Salve of Rosemary helps rheumatism, eczema, stings, sores, arthritis and wounds. It also makes a good mouthwash to treat halitosis.
In ancient Greece, students wore rosemary garlands while studying for exams as they believed it would improve memory. Because of rosemary's association with memory, it became a symbol for friendship and love.
Rosemary was a part of wedding ceremonies, either worn by the bride or as part of the bouquet as a symbol of fidelity.
In the Middle Ages rosemary was used to ward off demons and to prevent bad dreams by placing a sprig of rosemary under the pillow. The demons may have a connection with illness as Banckes Herbal in 1525 noted that rosemary tea has ``much worthe against all manner of evils in the body.''
In France during World War II rosemary leaves and juniper were burned in hospitals to kill germs.
Research has found antibacterial properties in rosemary oil. Rosemary has a long list of uses and properties such as an antibacterial, antioxidant, astringent, carminative, emmenagogue, expectorant, diaphoretic, nervine, stimulant and tonic. The tea has been used for headaches, depression, nervous diseases, colds and colic.
It has also been used for asthma and other lung and throat conditions. The aromatic essential oils found in rosemary calm and soothe irritated nerves and upset stomach and help relieve strenuous anxiety.
Rosemary has substantial amounts of minerals, including calcium, magnesium, phosphorus, sodium and potassium, that are needed by cardiac muscles and nerves for proper function. This may be why rosemary has been used for heart palpitations and improving circulation.
Rosemary stimulates the production of bile and aids in proper digestion. It also stimulates the kidneys and helps with edema.
Traditionally, rosemary wine was used for these effects. Rosemary has been found to have significant antioxidant properties. Studies suggest that rosemary's antioxidant actions may be better than the popular milk thistle or vitamin C.
Externally, rosemary has been noted to be beneficial to hair by stimulating hair bulbs and preventing premature baldness. Additionally, it is an excellent remedy for dandruff and eczema.
A rosemary scalp wash is easily made by making a tea with rosemary leaves and sprigs, letting it cool and then rinsing the scalp. Rosemary ointment is also beneficial for rheumatism, sores, eczema, bruises and wounds. Considering all of its wonderful uses, rosemary's history will continue as a significant herb for good health for a long time to come.
CaliforniaLyme
Frequent Contributor (5K+ posts)
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posted
Just *another* reason I don't believe in the Marshall Protocol*)!*!!
-------------------- There is no wealth but life. -John Ruskin
All truth goes through 3 stages: first it is ridiculed: then it is violently opposed: finally it is accepted as self evident. - Schopenhauer Posts: 5639 | From Aptos CA USA | Registered: Apr 2005
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Believing or not is not a very scientific statement. There is no much science in religion or church either, where people believe.
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sizzled
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Thanks for the interesting thread on the herb, Rosemary, CaliforniaLyme!
I have been craving this herb and have eaten up to 1/4 cup roasted in coconut oil and sprinkled with a little sea salt!!!
Nice to read of some of the benefits of the stuff!!
Never liked lavender but lately have been using it in my laundry and can't get enough of that either!!! Posts: 4258 | From over there | Registered: Jul 2001
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Marnie
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Vitamin D is KNOWN to help prevent cancer.
The vitamin D receptors are called VDR.
Vitamin D alone in high levels, raises calcium to an unhealthy level.
But..Carnosic acid in rosemary ***increased the expression of VDR*** (more receptors to receive vitamin D i.e., nerves grew). PMID: 11504768.
It IS the number of WORKING receptors that makes a BIG difference.
Posts: 9424 | From Sunshine State | Registered: Mar 2001
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CaliforniaLyme
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I think Marshall gets away with a lot because he throws his PhD around- but both of my parents and most of my relatives have PhDs so I am not so impressed*)!!! All I have posted, is science*)!*) **********************************************
1: Brain Res. 2002 Sep 20;950(1-2):10-20. Links
Inactivation of the human brain muscarinic acetylcholine receptor by oxidative damage catalyzed by a low molecular weight endogenous inhibitor from Alzheimer's brain is prevented by pyrophosphate analogs, bioflavonoids and other antioxidants.
Fawcett JR, Bordayo EZ, Jackson K, Liu H, Peterson J, Svitak A, Frey WH 2nd. The Alzheimer's Research Center, HealthPartners Research Foundation, Regions Hospital, 640 Jackson Street, St. Paul, MN 55101-2595, USA.
Oxidative stress has been implicated as a contributing factor to neurodegeneration in Alzheimer's disease.
An endogenous, low molecular weight (LMW) inhibitor from Alzheimer's brain inactivates the human brain muscarinic acetylcholine receptor (mAChR).
The inhibitor prevents agonist and antagonist binding to the mAChR as assessed by radioligand binding studies.
The LMW endogenous inhibitor, which has components with molecular weights between 100 and 1000 Da, requires dissolved oxygen and glutathione.
Prevention of inactivation of the mAChR with peroxidase suggests that the LMW endogenous inhibitor generates peroxide.
Heme, previously shown to be present in the LMW endogenous inhibitor, also inactivates the mAChR in the presence of peroxide.
Free radical damage to the muscarinic receptor by the endogenous inhibitor can be prevented through the use of naturally occurring antioxidants including bilirubin, biliverdin,
carnosol
, myricetin and quericetin.
In addition, pyrophosphate, imidodiphosphate, bisphosphonates and related compounds also protect the muscarinic receptor from free radical damage.
Inactivation of the mAChR by the LMW endogenous inhibitor is likely to be a factor in the continual decline of Alzheimer's patients, even those taking acetylcholinesterase inhibitors.
Natural antioxidants and pyrophosphate analogs may improve the effectiveness of acetylcholinesterase inhibitors and prove useful in the treatment and prevention of Alzheimer's disease since the muscarinic acetylcholine receptor is required for memory, and decreased cholinergic function is a critical deficit in Alzheimer's disease.
PMID: 12231224
-------------------- There is no wealth but life. -John Ruskin
All truth goes through 3 stages: first it is ridiculed: then it is violently opposed: finally it is accepted as self evident. - Schopenhauer Posts: 5639 | From Aptos CA USA | Registered: Apr 2005
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CaliforniaLyme
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1: Planta Med. 1999 Feb;65(1):92-3. Links
A New Rosmarinic Acid Derivative from Isodon oresbius.
Huang H, Chao QR, Tan RX, Sun HD, Wang DC, Ma J, Zhao SX. Department of Biological Science & Technology, Nanjing University, Nanjing, P.R. China (Present address: Institute of Organic Chemistry, Academia Sinica, Shanghai, China).
Phytochemical reinvestigation of ISODON ORESBIUS afforded, in addition to oleanolic acid, ursolic acid, sodoponin, astragalin, and quercetin-3- O-glucoside, three known (oresbiusin A, rosmarinic acid and methyl rosmarinate) and a new rosmarinic acid derivative as well as an ENT-kaurene diterpenoid, neo-angustifolin, characterized as a separated component for the first time.
By a combination of 1D- and 2D-NMR techniques the structure of the new compound was established as butyl rosmarinate.
The IN VITRO antifungal assay showed that neoangustifolin was active against CANDIDA ALBICANS with the MIC being 50 microg/ml.
PMID: 17260244
-------------------- There is no wealth but life. -John Ruskin
All truth goes through 3 stages: first it is ridiculed: then it is violently opposed: finally it is accepted as self evident. - Schopenhauer Posts: 5639 | From Aptos CA USA | Registered: Apr 2005
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clairenotes
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A wealth of information, here!
Rosemary sounds nice for my daughter, who is surging estrogen right now, I think... And it seems to have such a wide spectrum of use... even for aflatoxin B!
And perhaps the answer to the vitamin D controversy. If we don't have adequate receptor sites for vitamin D absorption, than consuming high levels just might not be a good thing until we improve or increase receptor sites...
Okay, so I wonder what is the best way to take rosemary? Tinctures or whole herb?
For myself, I am more drawn to lavendar now, and have a few plants lining our sidewalk. It is also in a mix of essential oils. Must be an age thing.
Maybe I need to get the lavendar out of the essential oil for my daughter??? Replace it with rosemary? Hmmm...
Sorry... I seem to be talking to myself, now. This topic is sparking a lot of ideas.
Thank you for all this research and information!
Claire
***Just remembered that an herbalist told me that rosemary was used to preserve food in ancient timess.
Posts: 1111 | From Colorado | Registered: Oct 2006
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clairenotes
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Sorry... Double post!!
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Marnie
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Bisphosphates = pyrophosphate.
Mg pyrophosphate and sub(lingual) B6 are the basic nutrients in Valletta's patent, "Magnesium for Autoimmune".
Foxamax (Rx) is also a bisphosphate. Linked to the wrong mineral, IMO.
Side effects of Foxamax (for osteoporosis) include increased TNF alpha and CRP...C reactive protein...heart damage indicator.
Too much calcium isn't healthy.
The body is ALREADY using its most abundant mineral to maintain the pH.
Estrogen helps keep Ca where it is supposed to be...in the bones...which is WHY it maybe going up....comes from cholesterol as cholesterol is broken down.
In men, when cholesterol is broken down (Salmonella infections too), testosterone levels surge.
I have PROOF. It happened to my son. His neurotransmitter tests indicated VERY high testosterone levels. In many ways, it is protective, but hostility becomes an issue.
There is a direct link to Bb and Salmonella. These pathogens BOTH use a protein called
Salp 15.
I've discussed this protein in other posts.
Posts: 9424 | From Sunshine State | Registered: Mar 2001
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California Lyme, Dr. Marshall is a bio medical engineer. Bio medical engineers develop procedures that solve medical and health related problems. His wife has a degree in pharmacology.
If you want to keep trivializing him flame away but the guy is no dummy. I realize his treatment is not for everyone including you but I owe my health to him as well as many others that I know that have gone into remission.
Posts: 805 | From Utopia | Registered: Feb 2006
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