Topic: 2005: nine species of gram-negative bacteria isolated from just 2 ticks- !!!!
CaliforniaLyme
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And NONE of them ones you've probably heard of!!! So what the heck are we treating sometimes??? Hmmm!!! Probably other things as well that haven't even been NAMED yet!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! THIS is why Pliny the Elder was quoted in AD saying "Ill-favored ticks- the foulest & nastiest creatures that be!"
For example Rahnella aquatilis is susceptible to quinolines- so someone treating for blood negative Babs could really be treating THAT!!!!!
And Pseudomonas species are FUNGI species that present as flu-like but were found to be tickborne as well- so WOW- just IMAGINE all the critters that you may have in you- blech*)!!!************************************************ 1: J Egypt Soc Parasitol. 2005 Apr;35(1):95-106.
Gram-negative bacteria from the camel tick Hyalomma dromedarii (Ixodidae) and the chicken tick Argas persicus (Argasidae) and their antibiotic sensitivities.
Montasser AA.
Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Ain Shams University, Cairo 11566, Egypt. [email protected]
A total of nine species of gram-negative bacteria were isolated from organs and haemolymph of the hard tick Hyalomma (Hyalomma) dromedarii and the soft tick Argas (Persicargas) persicus.
Four species namely
Serratia liquefaciens, Stenotrophomonas maltophilia, Klebsiella ornithinolytica and Aeromonas hydrophila
were isolated from H. dromedarii and five species namely
were isolated from A. persicus. Isolated bacteria were identified using the analytical profile index 20E. Disk diffusion test was carried out on all isolated bacteria to determine antibiotic sensitivity of chloramphenicol, amoxillin/clavulanic acid, neomycin, streptomycin, triplesulphur tetracycline and nitrofurantion. The results were discussed. PMID: 15880998
HERE'S what some of those creatures DO- this one is so rare but causes septic arthritis!!! Def could be mistaken for Lyme!!!
Aeromonas hydrophila
1: Int J Clin Pract Suppl. 2005 Apr;(147):121-4
Septic arthritis due to Aeromonas hydrophila: case report and review of the literature.
Elwitigala JP, Higgs DS, Namnyak S, White JW, Yaneza A.
Barking, Havering and Redbridge Hospitals NHS Trust, Department of Medical Microbiology, Essex, UK.
Aeromonas hydrophila is a rare human pathogen, and worldwide, soft tissue infections following water-related injuries are the most common.
However, septic arthritis due to A. hydrophila remains uncommon with only seven cases previously reported in the English literature.
In this report, we describe the important clinical features, microbiological findings and management of severe septic arthritis of the knee due to A. hydrophila in a healthy 13-year-old girl following an injury sustained in a private fresh water lake.
A review of seven previously reported cases of septic arthritis due to A. hydrophila and the present case suggests that the infection commonly affected the knee and the meta-/intercarpal-phalangeal joint and was frequently rapidly progressive following trauma in fresh water and or associated with leukaemia.
Second and third generation cephalosporins, gentamicin, trimethoprim, ciprofloxacin and appropriate orthopaedic management should be promptly instituted.
After chemical treatment and chlorination, fresh water becomes free of coliforms, but A. hydrophila persists more compared with the other strains of aeromonas, namely A. sobria and A. caviae.
Seawater injuries, unlike freshwater injuries, are not usually associated with aeromonas infections. Further workup on the mechanisms of A. hydrophila resistance to chlorination could probably yield useful information in achieving new procedures of preventing and controlling such infections in public and private fresh water recreational facilities.
PMID: 15875648
1: Transfus Med. 1998 Mar;8(1):15-8.
Fatal reaction to transfusion of red-cell concentrate contaminated with Serratia liquefaciens.
Boulton FE, Chapman ST, Walsh TH. National Blood Service, Southampton, Centre, UK.
A 60-year-old woman undergoing surgery died from endotoxic shock and DIC after receiving a 19-day-old unit of optimal additive red-cell concentrate found contaminated with Serratia liquefaciens.
No source of contamination could be found. This normally free-living organism is usually of low pathogenicity. It is a very unusual contaminant of stored donated blood, although it appears to be on the increase. When transfused, blood contaminated with S. liquefaciens always causes severe morbidity and is associated with a high death rate. This is the fifth report in the English literature. Publication Types: Case Reports
PMID: 9569454
1: Mikrobiyol Bul. 2005 Jan;39(1):25-33.
Nosocomial Stenotrophomonas maltophilia infections in a university hospital
Caylan R, Yilmaz G, Sucu N, Bayraktar O, Aydin K, Kaklikkaya N, Aydin F, Koksal I. Karadeniz Teknik Universitesi Tip Fakultesi, infeksiyon Hastaliklari ve Klinik Mikrobiyoloji Anabilim Dali, Trabzon.
Stenotrophomonas maltophilia is a nosocomial pathogen of increasing importance. In our study, 190 S. maltophilia strains isolated from 153 hospitalized patients between January 2000-April 2004, at Farabi Hospital at Medical School of Karadeniz Technical University, were prospectively evaluated.
Of these patients 67.9% were clinically compatible with nosocomial infection, and 32% were considered as colonization. It was observed that rate of infection had a tendency to increase one year of age and above 50 years of age. Nineteen patients (37.3%) had no apparent primary source of infection. Higher APACHE II score, longer duration of hospitalization and prior extended-spectrum antibiotic therapy were observed in most of the patients. Antibiotic susceptibility testing revealed that, the most effective antibiotics against the isolates were trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (94%), ticarcillin/clavulanate (79%) and ciprofloxacin (53.5%). Crude mortality rate in the patients with S. maltophilia infections was found to be 25%. In addition, it was observed that proper antibiotic treatment had protective role against mortality. It can be concluded that to prevent infections due to S maltophilia , effective infection control programmes and rational antibiotic use policies should be established promptly.
PMID: 15900834
1: J Clin Microbiol. 2005 May;43(5):2526-8.
Rahnella aquatilis bacteremia from a suspected urinary source.
Tash K.
Faculty of Arts and Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA. [email protected]
A 76-year-old male with prostatic hyperplasia presented with acute pyelonephritis. Blood cultures yielded Rahnella aquatilis. Treatment with intravenous followed by oral levofloxacin resulted in cure. Important characteristics of this organism include its biochemical similarities to Enterobacter agglomerans, its apparent ability to cause bacteremia from a renal focus, and its response to quinolone therapy.
PMID: 15872303
1: Occup Med (Lond). 2005 May;55(3):238-41.
Respiratory symptoms, immunology and organism identification in contaminated metalworking fluid workers. What you see is not what you get.
Fishwick D, Tate P, Elms J, Robinson E, Crook B, Gallagher F, Lennox R, Curran A.
BACKGROUND: Metal working fluids (MWF) constitute a significant respiratory hazard, although symptoms experienced by workers are often poorly investigated and attributed. AIMS: A single possible case of extrinsic allergic alveolitis (EAA) led to a formal workplace investigation. It was clear that other exposed workers were affected. The aim of this study was to accurately quantify the clinical, immunological and microbiological findings in MWF workers following presentation of a sentinel case. METHODS: Eleven of 21 individuals participated; eight were assessed by symptom questionnaire, spirometry and serology and three workers provided blood samples only. The microbes cultured from MWF and air samples were used to determine the presence of precipitating antibodies. RESULTS: Work-related respiratory symptoms were reported in six of eight individuals questioned, two of these complaining of 'flu-like' symptoms. Pseudomonas fluorescens was isolated from air samples. Despite visible 'fungal' contamination of MWF, airborne fungi were detectable in only one sample, at 486 CFU/m3 air. MWF cultured Eurotium sp., Fusarium sp. and Pseudomonas sp. Precipitating IgG antibodies to Pseudomonas sp. were identified in 4/11 and to an extract of the MWF in 3/11. IgG to Pseudomonas was elevated in the two individuals who had the strongest precipitating bands to Pseudomonas sp. CONCLUSIONS: Workplaces with possible EAA must be investigated promptly, thus allowing clinical assessment to be contemporary to exposures and accurate microbiological profiling included to identify the likely cause.
PMID: 15857900 [PubMed - in process]
1: Clin Infect Dis. 2005 Jun 15;40(12):1792-8. Epub 2005 May 6. Related Articles, Links
The rising influx of multidrug-resistant gram-negative bacilli into a tertiary care hospital.
Pop-Vicas AE, D'Agata EM.
Division of Infectious Diseases, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA. [email protected]
BACKGROUND: The prevalence of multidrug resistance (MDR) among gram-negative bacilli is rapidly increasing. Quantification of the prevalence and the common antimicrobial coresistance patterns of MDR gram-negative bacilli (MDR-GNB) isolates recovered from patients at hospital admission, as well as identification of patients with a high risk of harboring MDR-GNB, would have important implications for patient care. METHODS: Over a 6-year period, patients who harbored MDR-GNB (i.e., patients who had MDR-GNB isolates recovered from clinical cultures within the first 48 h after hospital admission) were identified. "MDR-GNB isolates" were defined as Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Escherichia coli, Enterobacter cloacae, and Klebsiella species isolates with resistance to at least 3 antimicrobial groups. A case-control study was performed to determine the independent risk factors for harboring MDR-GNB at hospital admission. RESULTS: Between 1998 and 2003, the prevalence of MDR-GNB isolates recovered from patients at hospital admission increased significantly for all isolate species. CONCLUSION: A substantial number of patients harbor MDR-GNB at hospital admission. Identification of common coresistance patterns among MDR-GNB isolates may assist in the selection of empirical antimicrobial therapy for patients with a high risk of harboring MDR-GNB.
PMID: 15909268
-------------------- There is no wealth but life. -John Ruskin
All truth goes through 3 stages: first it is ridiculed: then it is violently opposed: finally it is accepted as self evident. - Schopenhauer Posts: 5639 | From Aptos CA USA | Registered: Apr 2005
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AliG
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I wonder if maybe this is the point the IDSA is trying to make? Maybe they feel the need to identify each specific organism and treat each organism individually, regardless of what emotional trauma they put the patient through.
IDSA ducks are more concerned with identifying the specific cause of the symptoms.
ILADs doctors are more concerned with doing whatever works to get the patient well, as quickly as possible.
JMO
Thanks for the info. It's very interesting. Scarey, but none-the-less interesting.
Ali
-------------------- Note: I'm NOT a medical professional. The information I share is from my own personal research and experience. Please do not construe anything I share as medical advice, which should only be obtained from a licensed medical practitioner. Posts: 4881 | From Middlesex County, NJ | Registered: Jul 2006
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There was only one bacteria, Stenotrophomonas maltophilia, that showed up in a culture grown from a sputum sample I did a few months ago. I'd had this occasional chronic cough for at least 5 years, but it got worse last summer so I went to the doctor about it. Chest x-ray showed mild chronic bronchitis, although my lungs sounded clear. Doctor (LLMD) said the bacteria found was formerly classified as a pseudomonas, so it needed to be treated (Minocycline-susceptible), even though all the research I did online said it was not considered pathogenic and didn't form colonies, and it wasn't something you could pick up from someone else via airborne routes.
After 3 months on Minocycline, I still have the occasional (several times a day) productive cough, although it is much better. I'm thinking about asking for another sputum culture to see if anything else is going on.
Never been around camels, and never had a positively-known tick bite, but who knows? My LLMD definitely believes I have Lyme/TBD.
Nutmeg
Posts: 386 | From WA state | Registered: May 2005
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CaliforniaLyme
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NUTMEG!!!! Did you see the abstract I posted about the thing you tested positive for- here- by itself-!!! Very dangerous pathogen!!! Case mortality rate 25%!!! Will post abstract re best medicine for it- if you can take sulfa drugs it is a sulfa drug that is supposed to be best for it- print this out for your doc!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! ********************** 1: Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis. 2007 Apr;26(4):229-37. Links
Antimicrobial therapy for Stenotrophomonas maltophilia infections.
Nicodemo AC, Paez JI. Department of Infectious Diseases, University of S�o Paulo Medical School, S�o Paulo, SP, Brazil.
Stenotrophomonas maltophilia has emerged as an important nosocomial pathogen capable of causing respiratory, bloodstream, and urinary infections.
The treatment of nosocomial infections by S. maltophilia is difficult, as this pathogen shows high levels of intrinsic or acquired resistance to different antimicrobial agents, drastically reducing the antibiotic options available for treatment.
Intrinsic resistance may be due to reduced outer membrane permeability or to the multidrug efflux pumps.
However, specific mechanisms of resistance such as aminoglycoside-modifying enzymes or the heterogeneous production of metallo-beta-lactamase have contributed to the multidrug-resistant phenotype displayed by this pathogen.
Moreover, the lack of standardized susceptibility tests and their interpretative criteria hinder the choice of an adequate antibiotic treatment.
Recommendations for the treatment of infections by S. maltophilia are based on in vitro studies, certain nonrandomized clinical trials, and anecdotal experience.
Trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole remains the drug of choice, although in vitro studies indicate that ticarcillin-clavulanic acid, minocycline, some of the new fluoroquinolones, and tigecycline may be useful agents.
This review describes the main resistance mechanisms, the in vitro susceptibility profile, and treatment options for S. maltophilia infections.
PMID: 17334747
1: Mikrobiyol Bul. 2005 Jan;39(1):25-33.
Nosocomial Stenotrophomonas maltophilia infections in a university hospital
Caylan R, Yilmaz G, Sucu N, Bayraktar O, Aydin K, Kaklikkaya N, Aydin F, Koksal I. Karadeniz Teknik Universitesi Tip Fakultesi, infeksiyon Hastaliklari ve Klinik Mikrobiyoloji Anabilim Dali, Trabzon.
Stenotrophomonas maltophilia is a nosocomial pathogen of increasing importance.
In our study, 190 S. maltophilia strains isolated from 153 hospitalized patients between January 2000-April 2004, at Farabi Hospital at Medical School of Karadeniz Technical University, were prospectively evaluated.
Of these patients 67.9% were clinically compatible with nosocomial infection, and 32% were considered as colonization.
It was observed that rate of infection had a tendency to increase one year of age and above 50 years of age.
Nineteen patients (37.3%) had no apparent primary source of infection.
Higher APACHE II score, longer duration of hospitalization and prior extended-spectrum antibiotic therapy were observed in most of the patients.
Antibiotic susceptibility testing revealed that, the most effective antibiotics against the isolates were trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (94%), ticarcillin/clavulanate (79%) and ciprofloxacin (53.5%).
Crude mortality rate in the patients with S. maltophilia infections was found to be 25%.
In addition, it was observed that proper antibiotic treatment had protective role against mortality.
It can be concluded that to prevent infections due to S maltophilia , effective infection control programmes and rational antibiotic use policies should be established promptly.
PMID: 15900834
-------------------- There is no wealth but life. -John Ruskin
All truth goes through 3 stages: first it is ridiculed: then it is violently opposed: finally it is accepted as self evident. - Schopenhauer Posts: 5639 | From Aptos CA USA | Registered: Apr 2005
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Keebler
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-
Garlic / allicin - can be a helper regardless of the type of pathogen.
The woman undergoing surgery who died from endotoxic shock - that also really shows us the importance of detox measures every step of the way.
That is one aspect that is sorely overlooked for most patients in the U.S., whether TBI or other infections. The liver just can take some of these load of toxins and treatments without support. Such support is no secret to many here; sadly, it's invisible to most hospitals, though.
-
Sarah, thanks so much for this article. It's a bit overwhelming to read all at once, but thanks for all your work on passing on research.
cactus
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Wow! What a find - thank you for posting this!
I just got test results and am positive for 6 gram-neg bacterial infections - the only 2 I remember off the top of my head are klebsiella and enterobacter, both on the list. Will have to look up the others.
This is an issue that affects all of us, glad you posted it - many thanks!
-------------------- �Did you ever stop to think, and forget to start again?� - A.A. Milne Posts: 1987 | From No. VA | Registered: May 2005
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CaliforniaLyme
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Yup- and that was Egypt- this is another quest for pathogens- in POLAND- with some of the identical creatures as in the first!!!!!!!! (Here in the USA they rarely bother testing for anything outside the box!) So both in Egypt & Poland a search of ticks for gram-neg bacteria yielded a couple of the same species- pathogenic fungi and pathogenic species which can cause septic arthritis!!! Pretty amazing!!! Including 49 STRAINS of Pasteurella!!!!!!! Wow! ******************************************** 1: Ann Agric Environ Med. 2004;11(2):319-22.
Studies on the occurrence of Gram-negative bacteria in ticks: Ixodes ricinus as a potential vector of Pasteurella.
Stojek NM, Dutkiewicz J. Department of Occupational Biohazards, Institute of Agricultural Medicine, Jaczewskiego 2, 20-090 Lublin, Poland. [email protected]
A total of 372 Ixodes ricinus ticks (101 females, 122 males, and 149 nymphs) collected by flagging in 6 mixed woodlands of eastern Poland were examined by culture for the presence of internal Gram-negative bacteria other than Borrelia burgdorferi.
Adult ticks were examined in pools of 2 specimens each and nymphs were examined in pools of 3-5 specimens each. Ticks were disinfected in 70 % ethanol and homogenized in 0.85% NaCl. The diluted homogenate was inoculated onto 3 kinds of agar media: buffered charcoal yeast extract (BCYE-alpha) for isolation of fastidious Gram-negative bacteria, eosin methylene blue agar (EMB) for isolation of enterobacteria, and tryptic soya agar for isolation of all other non-fastidious Gram-negative bacteria.
The Gram-negative isolates were identified with the API Systems 20E and NE microtests.
A total of
9 species of Gram-negative bacteria were identified, of which the commonest were strains determined as Pasteurella pneumotropica/ haemolytica, which were isolated on BCYE-alpha agar from ticks collected in all 6 examined woodlands.
The total number of these strains (49) exceeded the total number of all other strains of Gram-negative bacteria recovered from ticks (30).
Of the total number of examined ticks, the minimum infection rate with Pasteurella pneumotropica/haemolytica was highest in females (18.8%), and slightly lower in males (12.3%) and nymphs (10%).
Besides
Pasteurella pneumotropica/haemolytica,
the following species of Gram-negative bacteria were isolated from examined ticks:
Pantoea agglomerans,
Serratia marcescens,
Serratia plymuthica on EMB agar and
Aeromonas hydrophila,
Burkholderia cepacia,
Chromobacterium violaceum,
Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and
Stenotrophomonas maltophilia
on tryptic soya agar. Minimal infection rates with these bacteria were low, ranging from 0.7-5.9%. Of the isolated bacteria, Chromobacterium violaceum, Pasteurella pneumotropica/haemolytica, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Serratia marcescens are potentially pathogenic for man and/or animals. In particular, the common occurrence of Pasteurella pneumotropica/haemolytica in Ixodes ricinus ticks poses a potential risk of pasteurellosis for humans and animals exposed to tick bites.
PMID: 15627343
-------------------- There is no wealth but life. -John Ruskin
All truth goes through 3 stages: first it is ridiculed: then it is violently opposed: finally it is accepted as self evident. - Schopenhauer Posts: 5639 | From Aptos CA USA | Registered: Apr 2005
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Thank you, California Lyme. I really appreciate the information and your concern. I printed out your abstracts to read again and am looking into this. Will follow up with the doctor at some point.
I don't think I'm in danger of dying from the stenotrophomonas because I'm not that sick. Just wondering how I got it and why my cough is still productive. It was not hospital-acquired, because I've only ever spent one night in a hospital in my life (20+ years ago), unless I somehow inhaled it during extended visits in the hospital with family members. It would be interesting to see if it can actually be transmitted by ticks.
I do want to do another sputum culture soon. Maybe a blood culture is worth looking into at some point. The highest susceptibility from the initial sputum culture was to minocycline, with SXT (that sulfa drug you mentioned) a close second, and levofloxacin last. We picked the minocycline hoping it would hit some of the other baddies at the same time. I want to stay away from the floxacin class of drugs because of tendon problems. Not sure if I can tolerate sulfa drugs or not--I don't recall ever taking any, so we'll see.
Again, thank you.
Nutmeg
Posts: 386 | From WA state | Registered: May 2005
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Vermont_Lymie
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Wow, great find Sarah! How interesting. Why is there not more research on what is in ticks??
Researchers have also found a bacterial pathogen called 'Q Fever' in ticks in the Northeast.
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CaliforniaLyme
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Hey Nutmeg*)!*! I am glad you are not dyinG*)!!
Jenni*)!)*!- Yup, surprised you haven't heard that-there is gram-negative and gram-positive bacteria- Lyme is gram-negative!!! To steal from Wiki:
Gram-negative bacteria are those that do not retain crystal violet dye in the Gram staining protocol.[1] Gram-positive bacteria will retain the dark blue dye after an alcohol wash. In a Gram stain test, a counterstain (commonly Safranin) is added after the crystal violet, colouring all Gram-negative bacteria a red or pink colour.
The test itself is useful in classifying two distinct types of bacteria based on structural differences in their cell walls.[2]
Many species of Gram-negative bacteria are pathogenic, meaning they can cause disease in a host organism. This pathogenic capability is usually associated with certain components of Gram-negative cell walls, in particular the lipopolysaccharide (also known as LPS or endotoxin) layer.[1] The LPS is the trigger which the body's innate immune response receptors sense to begin a cytokine reaction. It is toxic to the host. It is this response which begins the inflammation cycle in tissues and blood vessels.
HOWEVER (that however is me, Sarah,) gram-positive bacteria also have pathogens notably Anthrax and:
Bacillus, Listeria, Staphylococcus, Streptococcus, Enterococcus, and Clostridium. It has also been expanded to include the Mollicutes, bacteria like Mycoplasma
-------------------- There is no wealth but life. -John Ruskin
All truth goes through 3 stages: first it is ridiculed: then it is violently opposed: finally it is accepted as self evident. - Schopenhauer Posts: 5639 | From Aptos CA USA | Registered: Apr 2005
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Truthfinder
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Thanks, Sarah.
I don't suppose avoiding Egypt and Poland would solve the problem.... darn, I didn't think so.
Yes, our research here is frighteningly limited. Thanks goodness we do get some bits and pieces from other countries.
-------------------- Tracy .... Prayers for the Lyme Community - every day at 6 p.m. Pacific Time and 9 p.m. Eastern Time � just take a few moments to say a prayer wherever you are�. Posts: 2966 | From Colorado | Registered: Dec 2005
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CaliforniaLyme
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Hey Monty, didn't see you*)!! Tracy-!!
Yup, Coxiella Burnetti is Q fever!!! it is also all over the world- in COlorado!!! In West Virginis! In Australia & Iraq- interestingly, the CDC acknowledges Q fever as a __chronic__ TBD infection!!!!!!!
I WISH they studied ticks more!!! Especially when it comes to tick borne viruses- But those bacteria are worldwide and if ticks are vectors in one place they are vectors in another in general- As it is in Poland is as it is in Egypt is as it is in Chicago*)!!!
What irks me is how the IDSA denialists act so ethnocentric and don't accept any research not done by them- heck IDSA-centric really-
We here in CA have Babesia Odocoilei in the state and in Europe a human case was documented- !!!
Anyway, Best wishes, Sarah
-------------------- There is no wealth but life. -John Ruskin
All truth goes through 3 stages: first it is ridiculed: then it is violently opposed: finally it is accepted as self evident. - Schopenhauer Posts: 5639 | From Aptos CA USA | Registered: Apr 2005
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CaliforniaLyme
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Jenni, it's a COMPLIMENT- I was so amazed because I THOUGHT you DID*)!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
-------------------- There is no wealth but life. -John Ruskin
All truth goes through 3 stages: first it is ridiculed: then it is violently opposed: finally it is accepted as self evident. - Schopenhauer Posts: 5639 | From Aptos CA USA | Registered: Apr 2005
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