Topic: Infection and co-infection rates Indiana, Maine, Pennsylvania, and Wisconsin
TerryK
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1: J Med Entomol. 2008 Mar;45(2):289-97.
Infection and co-infection rates of Anaplasma phagocytophilum variants, Babesia spp., Borrelia burgdorferi, and the rickettsial endosymbiont in Ixodes scapularis (Acari: Ixodidae) from sites in Indiana, Maine, Pennsylvania, and Wisconsin.
Steiner FE, Pinger RR, Vann CN, Grindle N, Civitello D, Clay K, Fuqua C.
Department of Biology, Ball State University, Muncie, IN 47306, USA.
In total, 394 questing adult blacklegged ticks, Ixodes scapularis Say (Acari: Ixodidae), collected at four sites were analyzed by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) for five microbial species: Anaplasma phagocytophilum, Babesia microti, Babesia odocoilei, Borrelia burgdorferi, and the rickettsial I. scapularis endosymbiont.
Identities of genetic variants of A. phagocytophilum were determined by sequencing a portion of the 16S DNA.
In 55% of infected ticks (193/351), a single agent was detected. In 45% (158/351), two or more agents were detected; 37% harbored two agents and 8% harbored three agents. One male tick, collected from Ft. McCoy, WI, harbored all four microbial genera
The highest rates of co-infection were by the Ixodes endosymbiont and B. burgdorferi (95/351).
Two species of Babesia co-occurred within a single tick population in Wells National Estuarine Research Reserve, Wells, ME, whereas only B. odocoilei was found in other tick populations.
Only A. phagocytophilum human anaplasmosis variant was detected in questing ticks from Tippecanoe River State Park, IN; from Wells; and Ft. McCoy, whereas a single infected tick from Presque Isle, PA, was infected by AP-Variant 1.
Partially engorged ticks from deer in Tippecanoe River State Park were all infected with AP-Variant 1.
Frequency of infections with each agent varied among populations. Rates and types of co-infections were not significantly different from random except for the Ixodes endosymbiont and B. burgdorferi in male ticks, which co-occurred less frequently than expected.
Thus, I. scapularis hosts an array of pathogenic and symbiotic agents and potential evidence of interactions among microbial species was observed.
PMID: 18402145 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
Posts: 6286 | From Oregon | Registered: Jan 2006
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cottonbrain
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A. phagocytophilum human anaplasmosis
what is this? yet another coinfection?
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Keebler
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-
it used to be call ehrlichiosis.
The site below says: "For anaplasmosis in humans, see Human granulocytic ehrlichiosis."
However, there is also HME human monocytic ehrl. (I tested positive to that one.) -
Anaplasmosis From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
This article is about the ruminant disease. For anaplasmosis in dogs, see Ehrlichiosis (canine).
For anaplasmosis in humans, see Human granulocytic ehrlichiosis.
Anaplasmosis is a disease caused by a rickettsial parasite of ruminants, Anaplasma spp.
The organism occurs in the erythrocytes and is transmitted by natural means through by a number of haematophagous species of ticks and flies.
It can also be transmitted iatrogenically by the use of surgical, dehorning, castration, and tattoo instruments and hypodermic needles that are not disinfected between uses.
The organism can go through a complete lifecycle in the gut of certain species of ticks but the flies appear to be only a mechanical vector, thus, not as important in the maintaining the disease in any given area.
The disease causes severe anemia and wasting in adult cattle which are infected. Young cattle and most other ruminants will not show clinical signs if infected but may serve as carriers.
Since the organism "hides" from the body's immune system in red blood cells, it is difficult if not impossible for an infection to be totally cleared. As the immune response wanes, the organism again builds up and the host relapses.
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia (Redirected from Human granulocytic ehrlichiosis)
Human granulocytic anaplasmosis (HGA) (previously called Human granulocytic ehrlichiosis, or HGE[1][2] ) is an infectious disease caused by several types of bacteria that are typically transmitted to humans by Ixodes scapularis, also known as the deer tick or black-legged tick.
This is the same tick that can transmit Lyme disease and Babesiosis. Fortunately, early treatment with antibiotics is often successful.
- more at link -
===
and remember, Wiki is just a place to begin. I would then see what ILADS researchers say about it.
Wiki reports this about cattle : " . . . Since the organism "hides" from the body's immune system in red blood cells, it is difficult if not impossible for an infection to be totally cleared. As the immune response wanes, the organism again builds up and the host relapses. . . ."
If that is how it is in cattle, then, I would wonder if it's really as easy to treat in humans as the Wiki site reports. Would it not act similarly in all mammals ?
Again, Wiki, is just a place to begin. I never stop there.
With footnotes, this page does have two links to professional articles that may be of interest.
quote:The disease causes severe anemia and wasting in adult cattle which are infected.
I was severely anemic following my hysterectomy, and they had to give me prescription iron, later doubling my dose because I was still weak.
Could I have contracted this infection through surgery? I'm not positive, but I became extremely ill following my hysterectomy and eventually was diagnosed with 'malnutrition' and threatened TPN feeding.
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TerryK
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Member # 8552
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Hi tailz, My understanding is that this is passed via tick bites but like lyme, there has probably been very little research on other modes of transmission.
Perhaps your immune system was depressed by the surgery and that is why you got sicker? Also, a hysterectomy would have altered hormones which can cause all kinds of problems.
Terry
Posts: 6286 | From Oregon | Registered: Jan 2006
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