Marnie
Frequent Contributor (5K+ posts)
Member # 773
posted
A naturally occurring *virus* in mosquitoes may serve as a ``late-life-acting'' insecticide by killing older adult mosquitoes that are responsible for the bulk of malaria transmission.
The researchers from Johns Hopkins University and the Johns Hopkins Malaria Research Institute, Baltimore, Maryland, detail their findings in the August 2010 issue of the Journal of Virology.
[ 08-24-2010, 03:30 PM: Message edited by: Marnie ]
Posts: 9424 | From Sunshine State | Registered: Mar 2001
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Marnie
Frequent Contributor (5K+ posts)
Member # 773
posted
Okay...a virus in YOUNGER mosquitoes kills "old" mosquitoes that are the ones that transmit malaria.
If they can find, duplicate, and market that "insecticide", we may have a cure for malaria by eliminating the old mosquitoes that transmit it.
Wouldn't it be nice if we could find an "insecticide" that would destroy all Bb infected ticks?
I suspect...
Rhodopsin/opsin (a conjugated protein that captures PHOTONS in light)maybe key.
"oligosaccharide structure analysis of rhodopsin glycoforms containing
galactose and sialic acid" (Sugars).
Two "sugars" are in rhodopsin which is abundant in the WFL who must be able to SEE at NIGHT = lots of eye rods, lots of rhodopsin.
Which or both?
C 6 H 12 O 6 = galactose in milk, peas and sugar BEETS.
What makes Galactose different? Galactose releases substances that eliminate bad bacteria and cellular wastes while keeping the good bacteria present in the body healthy.
It also supports healthy calcium metabolism and prevents osteoporosis in the process. And unlike some other glyconutrients, Galactose does not affect diabetic patients.
According to clinical studies, the absence of Galactose in the body could lead to rheumatoid arthritis, colon cancer and lupus.
That is why some people with these diseases are taking Galactose as a form of treatment, due to a concept that regular intake could reverse the process.
It is also used as a treatment for severe illnesses such as pneumonia and bronchitis but the normal process of Galactose absorption has to be transformed and altered to suit the prevailing needs of the body.
How does it function?
Like the other seven glyconutrients, Galactose is necessary in the upkeep of proper cell-to-cell communication.
Although not as effective as mannose and fucose, Galactose helps hinder the reproduction of cancer cells, reduces tumor growth and stimulates the NK cells to fight against the spread of the disease.
It also enhances the healing process of wounds, decreases inflammation and helps lower the risk of contracting cataract.
What happens when it is absorbed?
Normally, absorption takes place in the jejunum part of the intestine where it competes with glucose for transport.
However, there are instances when it is absorbed in the mouth across the buccal membrane. Once Galactose is absorbed, it undergoes various transformations.
Approximately 30-percent is incorporated into glycogen; another 27 to 47-percent is oxidized to carbon dioxide and the remaining portion into glycoprotein and glycolipid biosynthesis that is utilized for nutritional distribution.
Galactose undergoes a series of transformation because it is a vital nutritional component that is needed by the body.
Where this is greatly needed?
Galactose is widely distributed in the body and that is why it greatly affects most of the bodily systems including the brain where it is assumed to trigger long-term memory and in the testes where it appears to be very important in the formation of sperm.
Galactose is also necessary for the proper functioning of kidneys and with the intestinal mucins where it
restrains cholesterol absorption.
Where to obtain Galactose?
Galactose is probably one of the most obtainable glyconutrients. It is readily available in dairy products, chestnuts, apples, cranberries, oranges, mangos, pineapple, strawberries, peaches, carrots, eggplants, celery, cucumber, tomatoes and potatoes.
There are also supplements that can be purchased in health stores and over the Internet. It is best to take supplements so that you can be assured that Galactose is present in the body on a regular basis.
How much should be taken?
Considering that Galactose is excreted by the body in about 8 hours, the supplement must be taken twice daily to maintain an optimum Galactose level in the blood. However if you are Galactose intolerant, it is best to consult a doctor prior to intake because of its probable side effects.
Watkins and Morgan, in England, discovered that the ABO epitopes were conferred by sugars, specifically N-acetylgalactosamine for the A-type and galactose for the B-type.
Would galactose upregulate Bb's OspB?
Would N-acetylgalactosamine upregulate Bb's OspA?
Is Bb depleting those sugars...using them?
Is that why this happens?
Antiagalactosyl IgG antibodies in juvenile idiopathic arthritis, juvenile onset Sj�gren's syndrome, and healthy children.PMID: 15170938
Analysis of
*oligosaccharides from serum transferrin*
by HPLC, mass spectrometry, and lectin binding revealed the
We know from genetics that Bb has a transferrin binding protein. Transferrin helps transport iron.
Does Bb "steal" those sugars from transferrin?
It is shown that both glucosamine and N-acetylglucosamine inhibit IL-1- and TNF--induced NO production in normal human articular chondrocytes.
The effect of the sugars on NO production is specific, since several other monosaccharides, including glucose, glucuronic acid, and N-acetylmannosamine, do not express this activity.
Furthermore, N-acetylglucosamine polymers, including the dimer and the trimer, also do not affect NO production.
The observed suppression of IL-1-induced NO production is associated with inhibition of inducible NO synthase mRNA and protein expression.
In addition, N-acetylglucosamine also suppresses the production of IL-1-induced cyclooxygenase-2 and IL-6.
Sialic acid (produced by many bacteria - In bacterial systems, sialic acids are biosynthesized by an aldolase enzyme. The enzyme uses a mannose derivative as a substrate, inserting three carbons from pyruvate into the resulting sialic acid structure)
N-Acetylneuraminic acid is usually called sialic acid or Neu5Ac,naturally widespread carbohydrate with numerous biological functions, including blood protein half-life regulation,
variety of toxin neutralization,
cellular adhesion and glycoprotein lytic protection.
Sialic Acid was named from the Greek Sialos for Saliva. It is the negative charge of this ubiquitous chemical that is responsible for the slippery feel of saliva and *mucins* coating the body's organs.
Despite its role of acting as "decoy" for invading pathogens, sialic acid is increasingly becoming known as an agent necessary for mediating ganglioside distribution and structures in the brain.
Work in the 1980's identified sialic acid supplementation in (suckling) rats to alter behaviour and increase performance in various mazes, suggesting a role in
learning and memory.
Sialic acid is widely distributed throughout human tissues and found in several fluids, including serum, cerebrospinal fluid, saliva, urine, amniotic fluid, and mother's milk.
In experimental mammals, it is found in high levels in the brain, adrenal glands, and the heart. In humans, concentrations are found in the brain and kidney as well as many other tissues.
Sialic acid is an immune moderator that affects the flow resistance of mucus which, in turn, repels bacteria, viruses, and other harmful microbes.
In several in vitro and animal studies, the saccharide has been shown to inhibit strains of influenza A and B viruses more effectively than any prescription antivirals.
In the April 2001 issue of Protein Science, scientists from Australia reported findings that showed sialic acid was an effective antiflu agent.
Another study reported in a 1995 issue of Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy, stated that a sialic acid mixture was up to 1000 times more effective in fighting influenza than potent antiviral drugs.
Such viruses can also cause cold sores, hepatitis, viral pneumonia, as well as the common cold. Therefore, this helpful information is nothing to sneeze at!!
Since high levels are found in the human brain and kidney, it is speculated that sialic acid may play a key role in brain development and learning and in
lessening the risk of kidney stone formation.
Animal studies indicate that this essential saccharide does appear to improve both memory and cognitive performance.
Sialic acid is also found in such other tissues as the skin and testes leading to speculation that disruptions like skin diseases and reproductive problems could be reversed with supplementation of this essential sugar.
Sialic acid also influences blood coagulation and cholesterol levels, lowering LDL (bad cholesterol).
In alcoholics as well as those with Sjgrens syndrome, the levels of this saccharide are altered, suggesting that supplementation could reverse these disorders.
Abnormalities in sialic acid metabolism are seen in infants who fail to grow, who regress in development, who have enlarged livers and/or spleens, who show a coarsening of facial features, and who display a
failure to produce pigmentation of the skin
and hair.
Sialic acid, like the other essential sugars, appears to be important during pregnancy and lactation.
The fact that levels are increased during these stages indicates the need for these sugars by the developing infant both for
establishing immunity
and for its physical and mental development.
In severely ill patients, sialic acid levels are markedly decreased in the upper airway cells, which is an important barrier for preventing opportunistic respiratory infections seen in many of these patients.
Sialic acid levels are markedly reduced in those with rheumatoid arthritis, confirming that this saccharide plays an important part in the immune system.
Researchers at Kumamoto University in Japan discovered that sialic acid
blocked the release of histamine,
thus decreasing the severity of allergic reactions as well as asthmatic bronchial spasms.
There does not appear to be any data that indicates any adverse reactions to a supplementation of sialic acid.
On the contrary, researchers who, consistantly used high doses in experimental animals, found that the learning abilities of these animals increased.
Nor did it seem to matter whether the dose was given orally or intravenously, the result was the same, indicating that the sugar is just as reactive using either route.
However, if there is a metabolic disorder that prevents the proper absorption of the sugar, disorders can be aggravated, causing a reversal in the positive effects seen in others.
Malabsorption could result in mental retardation and ataxia (muscle coordination failure), as well as enlarged livers, developmental delays, and an excess excretion of sialic acid in the urine.
Therefore, establishing whether this or other sugars are properly assimilated is very important.
This is just one reason why taking all eight essential sugars together is much better than trying to take them individually and guessing the amounts. All work together to help each other, thereby drastically reducing the risk of problems when taking only one sugar.
It is suggested that the maximum safe dosage would be 140 mg. for a healthy 150-pound adult.
Dietary Sources
Whey protein isolate or concentrate not the powder (even those allergic to dairy products are able to tolerate this substance. It appears that the concentrate has a higher amount of sialic acid than the isolate.) Hen's egg (organic, of course!)
My note...given the salmonella-egg problem recently...maybe not a good idea.
Now...IF our macrophages are not working because a sugar or sugars have been removed from a vitamin D precursor protein (Gc)...and preventing MAF - macrophage activating factor:
Gc protein is deglycosylated by serum alpha-N-acetylgalactosaminidase (Nagalase) secreted from cancerous cells.
Deglycosylated Gc protein (me = vitamin D binding protein) cannot be converted to MAF, leading to immunosuppression.
Stepwise treatment of purified Gc protein with immobilized beta-galactosidase and sialidase generated the most potent macrophage-activating factor (GcMAF) ever discovered, but it produces no side effect in humans.
So he treated the Gc (vitamin D protein) with beta galactosidase -> D-galactose and Sialidase -> removal of sialic acid...making those "sugars" available to activate the macrophages.
Back to the beginning:
"oligosaccharide structure analysis of rhodopsin glycoforms containing
galactose and sialic acid" (Sugars).
Those 2 sugars are needed for our macrophages to work.
Maybe we could genetically engineer ****e footed mice:
Ectopic Expression of a Microbial-Type Rhodopsin Restores Visual Responses in Mice with Photoreceptor Degeneration
Ancora Imparo!
[ 08-24-2010, 07:16 PM: Message edited by: Marnie ]
Posts: 9424 | From Sunshine State | Registered: Mar 2001
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