Leading Mercury Scientist, Dr. Haley, refutes ADA (American Dental Association) in Congressional Testimony.

Dear Mr. Chairman:

At the April 25th meeting of your committee I gave testimony that the President of the American Dental Association (ADA) takes exception to in a letter sent to you dated 11 May 2001. Quoting from that letter the testimony the ADA dislikes is "that elementary mercury from dental amalgam could work synergistically with other ethyl-mercury sources and have a cumulative toxic effect on the body. Dr. Haley postulated that this could be a potential cause of autism and Alzheimer's disease."

I stand by my statement as a sensible concern based on published scientific research regarding synergist toxicities caused by two very toxic agents, mercury and the organic mercury compound thimerosal. This concern is elevated since mercury exposure from amalgams to a pregnant mother concentrates in the fetus and a single vaccine given to a six-pound newborn is the equivalent of giving a 180-pound adult 30 vaccinations on the same day. Include in this the toxic effects of high levels of aluminum and formaldehyde contained in some vaccines, and the synergist toxicity could be increased to unknown levels.

Further, it is very well known that infants do not produce significant levels of bile or have adult renal capacity for several months after birth. Biliary transport is the major biochemical route by which mercury is removed from the body, and infants cannot do this very well. They also do not possess the renal (kidney) capacity to remove aluminum.

Additionally, mercury is a well-known inhibitor of kidney function. Common sense indicates that the concern I expressed should be taken seriously since we do not know how combined toxicities effect humans, especially in utero. Consider the current epidemic death on birth of over 500 foals from apparently healthy mares around Lexington, KY.

These deaths were identified as being due to a low level toxicity delivered by caterpillars eating poison plants and later, on migration, depositing their waste products on grass being eaten by the mares. The point being it is the infant in utero that suffered most on exposure to low level, toxins, not the mother. Combined mercury toxicities can be devastating as I reference below and in the many references available on the www.altcorp.com website.

What is needed is research by non-biased scientists to clarify this, something our FDA and NIDCR have refused to do. As the American public find out what has happened regarding this issue, they will be quite angry. This is a biomedical science issue that should have been resolved a long time ago by the responsible federal agencies.Below I present detailed and referenced information supporting my case and respond to various statements made by the ADA President that I believe to be misleading and sometimes flagrantly wrong.

The ADA seems to think it has the right to select which research it believes and to trash that research that says it is wrong, even though the latter represents the bulk of published research. To address the issues raised by the ADA President in his letter I will go in sequential order of the comments made in the letter placing the ADA comments in italics and providing scientific references for my conclusions."There is no scientifically valid evidence linking either autism or Alzheimer's disease with dental amalgam". First, mercury is a well-known, potent neurotoxicant, and common sense would lead to the conclusion that severe neurotoxins would exacerbate all neurological disorders, including Parkinson's, ALS, MS, autism and AD. Several research papers in refereed, high quality journals and scientific publications have shown that mercury inhibits the same enzymes in normal brain tissues as are inhibited in AD brain samples (1a-c, 2, 3). AD is pathologically confirmed post-mortem by the appearance of neuro-fibillary tangles (NFTs) and amyloid plaques in brain tissue.

Published research, within the past year, has shown that exposure of neurons in culture to sub-lethal doses of mercury (much less than is observed in human brain tissue) causes the formation of NFTs (4), the increased secretion of amyloid protein and the hyper-phosphorylation of a protein called Tau (5). All three of these mercury-induced aberrances are regularly identified as the major diagnostic markers for AD.In the manuscript published in the J. of Neurochemistry (5) the authors state "These results indicate that mercury may play a role in the patho-physiological mechanisms of AD."

In most of these experiments, mercury and only mercury among the several toxic heavy metals tested, caused the AD related responses reported. Many medically trained individuals would agree that if something causes the appearance of the pathological hallmarks confirming the disease then it likely causes the disease. I at least have limited my claims to exacerbation of these diseases to err on the side of caution.

Further, consider this about AD. A study of 500 sets of identical twins from World War II era lead to the conclusion that sporadic AD which represents 90% of the cases was not a directly inherited disease. In many cases one twin would get AD and the other would not. Genetic susceptibility is involved, but a toxic exposure is required (e.g., if you are genetically susceptible to being an alcoholic you still need to be exposed to alcohol to become one). The work by Rose's group at Johns Hopkins University implicates APO-E genotype as a "risk" factor with APO-E2 being protective and APO-E4 being a major risk factor. APO-E2 has the ability to protect the brain from mercury by having two additional thiol-groups to bind mercury appearing in the cerebrospinal fluid whereas APO-E4 does not have this additional capability (1).

This may explain the proven genetic susceptibility to AD of the APO-E4 carriers.NIH has spent hundreds of millions of dollars to find a causal factor for AD. Yet, no virus, yeast or bacteria has been identified so the cause remains unknown to general science. The rate of AD per 1,000 population is nearly the same in California, Michigan, Maine, North Carolina, Florida, Texas, etc. It is not significantly different for rural versus urban individuals, or factory workers versus those with outside jobs.

So the primary toxicant that may be involved is most likely not environmental. Therefore, it must be a very personal toxicant, like what you put in your mouth. Since we place grams of a neurotoxic metal, mercury, in our mouths in the form of dental amalgam this makes it a good suspect for the exacerbation of AD -- -not that all would be affected, just those that are genetically susceptible, or those who become ill enough to fall prey to the toxicity, or those that are also exposed to another synergistic toxin (see below).The one fact that ties mercury into a major suspect for AD is the fact that most of the proteins/enzymes that are inhibited in AD brain are thiol-sensitive enzymes. Mercury is one of the most potent chemical inhibitors of thiol-sensitive enzymes and mercury vapor easily penetrates into the central nervous system (2).

Mercury is not the only toxicant to inhibit thiol-sensitive enzymes. Thimerosal and lead will do this also as well as reactive oxygen compounds created in oxidative stress and many other industrial compounds. However, mercury has been reported to be significantly elevated in AD brain (14a,b, 15). Mercury is in many mouths being emitted from dental amalgam and absolutely would exacerbate the clinical condition identified as AD.

Therefore, mercury should be considered as a causal contributor since mercury can produce the two pathological hallmarks of the disease and inhibits the same thiol-sensitive enzymes that are dramatically inhibited in AD brain.It is documented by a 1991 World Health Organization report that dental amalgams constitute the major human exposure to mercury. Grams of mercury are in the mouths of individuals with several amalgam fillings. Further, the level of blood and urine mercury positively correlates with the number of amalgam fillings. This was confirmed by a recently published NIH funded study (6). Therefore, I fail to see the ADA's viewpoint that there is no scientifically valid evidence linking mercury from amalgams to exacerbating AD, especially since mercury produces the diagnostic hallmarks of AD (4,5). The ADA hides behind the fact that there has not been an epidemiological study to attempt to correlate mercury exposure and AD. However, absence of proof is not proof of absence. This also begs the question why the ADA, the FDA and the National Institutes of Dental Craniofacial Research (NIDCR) have not pushed for such a study? These agencies know this would be immensely expensive and only the U.S. government could afford to support any reliable long-term study. Yet, these same responsible agencies have failed to confirm as safe the placing into the mouth of Americans grams of the most toxic heavy metal Americans are exposed to.

The dental branch of the FDA has steadfastly refused to investigate the toxic potential of dental amalgam.Look at the references in the ADA letter! Even they must quote Scandinavian literature to support their contentions of safety, and even then they have to reference papers on fertility instead of neurotoxicity! Where is the ADA, FDA and NIDCR supported U.S. research in this area? Go to the NIH web-sites and look for research on the safety of mercury from amalgams, or try to find an NIH study concerning possible mercury involvement in any common neurological diseases.

NIH does support research on methyl-mercury, as we seem to like beating up on the fishing industry whilst leaving the dental industry alone. However, according to the NIH study about 90% of the mercury in our bodies is elemental mercury, not methyl-mercury, showing the exposure is more likely from dental amalgams rather than fish (6). Support at NIH has been very sparse for investigating the relationship of elemental mercury exposure to neurological diseases."And there is no scientifically valid evidence demonstrating in vivo transformation of inorganic mercury into organo mercury species in individuals occupationally exposed to amalgam mercury vapor".

There was a paper published entitled "Methylation of Mercury from Dental Amalgam and Mercuric Chloride by Oral Streptococci in vitro" (19). This strongly indicates that "organo mercury species" are indeed capable of being made in the human body and may explain the appearance of methyl-mercury in the blood and urine of individuals who don't eat seafood.Further, periodontal disease is considered one of the major risk factors for stroke, heart and cardiovascular disease and late onset, insulin independent diabetes. Many studies of the toxicants produced in periodontal disease have identified hydrogen sulfide (H2S) and methane-thiol (CH3SH) as major toxic products of infective anerobic bacteria in the mouth metabolizing the amino acids cysteine and methionine, respectively. These volatile thiol-compounds are what cause bad-breath! Methane-thiol (CH3SH) would react immediately and spontaneously in the mouth with amalgam generated mercury cation to produce the following two compounds, CH3S-HgCl and CH3S-Hg-SCH3, which are organo-mercurial compounds (check this out with any competent chemist). They are also very similar in structure to methyl-mercury (CH3-HgCl) and dimethyl-mercury (CH3-Hg-CH3), the latter which caused the highly publicized death of a University of Dartmouth chemistry professor 10 months after she spilled two drops on her gloved hand. We have synthesized CH3S-HgCl and CH3-Hg-CH3 in my laboratory and tested their toxicity in comparison to Hg2+. As expected, they were both more toxic than Hg2+ and this data is available on the www.altcorp.com web-site. Therefore, the ADA President is badly misinformed on this issue. Additionally, I am amazed that the researchers at the ADA and NIDCR did not previously report on this obvious chemistry as I would imagine this is the kind of topic they should be addressing."

Based on currently available scientific evidence, the ADA believes that dental amalgam is a safe, affordable and durable material for all but a handful of individuals who are allergic to one of its components. It contains a mixture of metals such as silver, copper and tin, in addition to mercury, which chemically binds these components into a hard, stable and safe substance." This is a totally wrong statement unless you underline the "ADA believes" and define how big is a "handful of individuals". Sensible people want "believes" replaced with "knows" and a "handful" replaced with a "hard number". Amalgams emit dangerous levels of mercury and the ADA absolutely refuses to accept this fact or even to study the possibility. Otherwise, the ADA administrators seem to be unable to separate fact from fiction. Consider, if they wanted to destroy my argument on amalgam toxicity they would reference several solid, refereed publication showing that mercury is not emitted from dental amalgams -- -but they cannot do this with even one article. They always state the "estimate" is that a very, very, very small amount.

Competent, well-informed researchers don't use the evasive language used in the ADA President's letter. They would state the amount is so many micrograms mercury released per centimeter squared amalgam surface area and a "handful of individuals" would be a percentage of our population! Lets look at the published literature.First, careful evaluation of the amount of mercury emitted from a commonly used dental amalgam in a test tube with 10 ml of water was presented in an article entitled "Long-term Dissolution of Mercury from a Non-Mercury-Releasing Amalgam". This study showed that "the over-all mean release of mercury was 43.5 � 3.2 micrograms per cm2/day, and the amount remained fairly constant during the duration of the experiments (2 years)" (7). This was without pressure, heat or galvanism as would have occurred if the amalgams were in a human mouth. Further, research where amalgams containing radioactive mercury were placed in sheep and monkeys, showed the radioactivity collecting in all body tissues and especially high in the jaw and facial bones. (8,9).

Another publication, from a major U.S. School of Dentistry, stated that solutions in which amalgams had been soaked were "severely cytotoxic initially when Zn release was highest" (13). Zn is a needed element for body health and is found in very low percentages in dental amalgams when compared to mercury and why mercury was not mentioned in the abstract of this publication baffles me. Why would the statement be true? Because Zn2+ is a synergist that enhances mercury toxicity! However, does this sound like amalgams are a safe, stable material? We have repeated similar amalgam soaking experiments in my laboratory and the results can be seen at www.altcorp.com. Cadmium (from smoking), lead, zinc and other heavy metals enhanced mercury toxicity as expected (this research is currently being prepared for publication).

The ADA claim that a zinc oxide layer is formed on the amalgams that decreases mercury release is true, if you don't use the teeth.The zinc oxide layer would be easily removed by slight abrasion such as chewing food or brushing the teeth. Further, my laboratory has confirmed that solutions in which amalgams have been soaked can cause the inhibition of brain proteins that are inhibited by adding mercury chloride, and these are the same enzymes inhibited in AD brain samples.Further, mercury emitting from a dental amalgam can be easily detected using the same mercury vapor analysis instrument used by OSHA and the EPA to monitor mercury levels. Anyone who does not believe mercury is emitted from amalgams should consider doing the following. Have your local dentist make 10 amalgams using the same material he/she places in your mouth. Take these 10 amalgams to your nearest research university's department of chemistry or toxicology department and have them determine how much mercury is being emitted.

For example, have them calculate how long it would take a single spill of hardened amalgam to make a gallon of water too toxic to pass EPA standards as drinking water. You will then have an answer from an unbiased, solid group of scientists who are trained to do such determinations. Also, remember the level of mercury they measure would not include the increase that would occur with amalgams in the mouth where chewing, grinding your teeth, drinking hot liquids and galvanism greatly increase the release of mercury. Since this approach can be easily done by anyone don't you think the ADA, FDA and other amalgam supporters would have this published by now if the level of mercury released was below the danger level?Here is their attempt.

According to an ADA spokesman he has "estimated" that only 0.08 micrograms of mercury per amalgam per day is taken into the human body. Applying simple math to this "estimate" of 0.08 micrograms/ day one would divide this amount by 8,640 (24 hours/day X 60 minutes/hour X 6 ten second intervals/minute) to determine the amount of mercury in micrograms available for a ten second mercury vapor analysis. Consider that somewhere between one-half to five-sixths of the mercury released would be into the tooth (that area of the amalgam that exists below the visibly exposed amalgam surface) and not into the oral air.

In addition, some mercury in the oral air would be rapidly absorbed into the saliva and oral mucosa (mercury loves hydrophobic cell membranes) and also not be measured by the mercury analyzer. Further, as the mercury analyzer pulls mercury containing oral air into the analysis chamber, mercury free ambient air rushes into the oral cavity decreasing the mercury concentration. Taking all of this into account you can calculate that most mercury analyzers could not detect this "estimated" 0.08 micrograms/day level of mercury even if you had several amalgams. However, the fact is that it is quite easy to detect mercury emitting from one amalgam using these analyzers.

Therefore, the "estimate" by this ADA spokesman is way to low. Also, if you gently rub the amalgam with a tooth-brush the amount of mercury emitted goes up dramatically. This is a test anyone can do and demonstrate to any group. The ADA spokesmen state that the mercury vapor analyzer is not accurate at determining oral mercury levels and they are quite correct. However, using this instrument would greatly underestimate the amount of mercury exiting the amalgam. The very fact that the mercury analyzer detects high levels of oral mercury strongly indicates the emitted amount of mercury is too high to be acceptable.

Mercury release from dental amalgams is also the reason OSHA has used this analyzer to make the dentists place unused amalgam in a sealed container under liquid glycerin. This is done so that the mercury vapors from the amalgams will not contaminate the dental office making it an unsafe place to work. This is also the reason the EPA insists that removed amalgam filling and extracted teeth containing amalgam material be picked up and disposed of as toxic waste. Apparently, the only safe place for amalgams is in the human mouth if you believe what the ADA believes."Amalgams have been used for 150 years and, during that time, has established an extensively reviewed record of safety and effectiveness."

First, what other aspect of industry or medicine is still using the same basic manufactured material that they used 150 years ago? One has to ask the question as to what has hindered the progress of development of better and safer dental materials? Also, consider that in the early 1900s the average life expectancy of most Americans was about 50 years of age and most of them could not afford dental fillings. Fifty to sixty years is much less than the average age of onset of AD.

Further, amalgams became more available to most working class Americans after World War II, or in the early 1950s. The greatest increase in the use of amalgam occurred at about this time and these 'baby boomers are the great ongoing amalgam experiment'. They are now reaching the age where AD appears and have lived most of their lives carrying amalgam fillings. They also wonder what is causing their chronic fatigue as the physicians can find nothing systemically wrong with them. I would encourage all concerned to contact the health experts on the rate of increase of AD in the U.S.A. at this time. Consider the cost it will place on the taxpayer and how much we would save if we could even remove the exacerbation factors that might speed up the onset of AD. I must point out that the "extensively reviewed record of safety" mentioned in the ADA letter was mostly done by dentists and committees dominated by ADA dentists. Also, much of the "safety opinion" was developed long before words like Alzheimer's disease and chronic fatigue were commonplace.

Further, these were "reviews" and not carefully documented studies based on scientific experimentation and done by unqualified dentists, not medical scientists. Dentists are not trained to do basic research, nor are they trained in toxicology.

Furthermore, the ADA does have a vested interest in keeping amalgam use legitimate. The ADA was founded on using amalgam technology and participated in patenting and licensing amalgam technology. One has to question why there has not been a general outcry by the bulk of well-meaning dentists and their patients and this question should be addressed. The International Association of Oral Medicine and Toxicology, started by American & Canadian dentists, does adamantly disagree with the ADA on the issue of safety of dental amalgams and this organization has the mantra of "Show me your science" with regards to all dental issues.

The ADA, through state dental boards stacked with ADA members, has instigated a "gag order" preventing dentists from even mentioning to their patients that amalgams are 50% mercury. Dentists cannot state that mercury is neurotoxic and emits from amalgams and that the dental patient should consider this as they select the tooth filling material they want used.
If a dentist informs a patient of these very truthful facts he will be consider not to be practicing good dentistry and his license will be in jeopardy.

Attacking a person's freedom of speech because he is telling the truth and causing serious questions to be asked about the protocols pushed by a bureaucracy (the ADA) makes me seriously question the commitment the ADA has for the health of the American people.
The negative stand taken by many state dental boards against even informing the patients about the mercury content of amalgams and the other filling choices they have does not speak well for the organized dental profession. What medical group would give a treatment to a patient without telling them of the risks involved?
"Issued late in 1997, the FDI World Dental Federation and the World Health Organization consensus statement on dental amalgam stated "No controlled studies have been published demonstrating systemic adverse effects from amalgam restorations.""

My first comment would be to question, "who staffed these committees and what percentage were connected to the ADA though the NIDCR or the FDA dental materials branch or other relationships?" We appear to have the foxes guarding the henhouse! Then I would again point out that "absence of proof is not proof of absence".

I would then ask 'have any controlled studies been done and if not, why not?' If the ADA dentists insist on placing amalgams in the mouth, are they not required to show it is safe, not the other way around?
Should not the ADA and others concerned push to require the FDA to prove amalgams are safe instead of totally ducking this issue. Go to the FDA dental materials web-site and try to find any evaluation of amalgam safety -- -you will not succeed. The dental branch of the FDA refuses to do a safety study on amalgams and this is shame on our government.
"the small amount of mercury released from amalgam restorations, especially during placement and removal, has not been shown to cause anyadverse effects."

This increase in mercury exposure has also not been shown to be safe by proving it does not cause any adverse effects!
Are we to believe this elevated exposure to a toxic metal is good for us?
If one were in a building that caused the rise in blood/urine mercury that appears after dental amalgam removal, then OSHA would shut the building down.
In fact, no study by the ADA or NIDCR has been completed that specifically and accurately addresses this issue. Yet, the ADA leads us to believe that additional exposure to toxic mercury from these procedures is not dangerous to our health.

Mercury toxicity is a retention toxicity that builds up during years of exposure. The toxicity of a singular level of mercury is greatly increased by current or subsequent, low exposures to lead or other toxic heavy metals (12).
Therefore, the damage caused by amalgams could occur years after initial placement and at mercury levels now deemed safe by the ADA.
Our ability to protect ourselves from the toxic damage caused by exposure to mercury depends on the level of protective natural biochemical compounds (e.g. glutathione, metallothionine) in our cells and the levels of these protecting agents is dependent upon our health and age.

If we become ill, or as we age, the cellular levels of glutathione drop and our protection against the toxic effects of mercury decreases and damage will be done.
This is strongly supported by numerous studies where rodents have been chemically treated to decrease their cellular levels of protective glutathione and then treated with mercury, always with dramatic injurious effects when compared to controls. Therefore, published science indicates that mercury toxicity is much more pronounced in infants, the very old and the very ill.

A recent NIH study on 1127 military men showed the major contributor to human mercury body burden was dental amalgams. The amount of mercury in the urine increased about 4.5 fold in soldiers with the average number of amalgams versus the controls with no amalgams.

In extreme cases it was over 8 fold higher. Since the total mercury included that from diet and industrial pollution are we to expect that this 4.5 to 8 fold average increase in mercury is not detrimental to our health? Does this indicate that amalgams are a "safe and effective restorative material"? Is the public and Congress expected to be so na�ve as to believe that increased exposure above environmental exposure levels is not damaging?

Then why are pregnant mothers told to limit seafood intake when mercury exposure from amalgams is much greater? Then why is the EPA pushing regulations to force the chloro-alkali plants and fossil fuel plants to clean up their mercury contributions to our environment?

Obviously, from this study most of the human exposure to mercury is from dental amalgams, not fossil fuel plants. Yet, the FDA lets the dental profession continue to expose American citizens to even greater amounts of mercury. They do this by refusing to test amalgam fillings as a source of mercury exposure. Also, remember that the amalgam using ADA dentists are a major contributor to mercury in our water and air through mercury leaving the dental offices, and even when we are cremated.

"The ADA's Council on Scientific Affairs 1998 report on its review of the recent scientific literature on amalgam states: "The Council concludes that, based on available scientific information, amalgam continues to be a safe and effective restorative material." and "There currently appears to be no justification for discontinuing the use of dental amalgam."

What would you expect an ADA Council to say? The ADA, as evidenced in the current letter by the President of the ADA, only quotes and considers valid the published research that supports their desire to continue placing mercury containing amalgam fillings in American citizens. When were dentists trained to evaluate neurological and toxicological data and manuscripts?
What is needed is an international conference where both the pro- and anti-amalgam researchers show up and present their data in front of a world-class scientific committee. I would challenge the ADA to line up their scientists and supporters to participate in such a conference. This could be held in Washington, D.C. so the FDA officials could easily attend. Perhaps we could persuade the FDA to sponsor such a conference.

However, this is unlikely since a recent written request to have a conference to evaluate the safety of amalgams was rejected in a letter from the FDA and signed by three FDA/ADA dentists who presented the ADA line on this issue. Doesn't it seem a bit fraudulent to have FDA/ADA dentists deciding on whether or not a safety study should be done on mercury emitting amalgams being placed in human mouths with the blessing of the ADA? This does seem like a conflict in interest that Congress should address.

"In an article published in the February 1999 issue of the Journal of the American Dental Association, researchers report finding "no significant association of Alzheimer's disease with the number, surface area or history of having dental amalgam restorations."

This research was lead by a dentist, Dr. Sax. It was submitted to the J. of the American Medical Association and rejected. It was then submitted to the New England Journal of Medicine and rejected. It was then published in the ADA trade journal, JADA, that is not a refereed, scientific journal. JADA is loaded with commercial advertisements for dental products.
They even called a "press conference" announcing the release of this article! Calling a press conference for a twice-rejected publication that is to appear in a trade journal is playing politics with science at its worst!

At this press conference two of the authors made unbelievable statements that were not supported by any of the data in the article and conflicted with numerous major scientific reports, including the 1998 NIH study (6). Some of these were high-lighted in the side-bars of the ADA publication.
I would suggest that those concerned with this article visit Medline and look at the publication records of the two individuals who made these statements. Also, look at the three earlier excellent publications in refereed journals by some of the other authors showing significant mercury levels in the brains of AD subjects compared to controls (14a,b, 15). However, put a dentist in charge of the project and the data gets reversed!

Apply some common sense. The ancillary comments by some of the authors and the results of the JADA publication are in total disagreement with the vast majority of research published that looks at elevated mercury levels in subjects with amalgam fillings. For example, the NIH study on military men discussed above showed a very significant elevation of mercury in the blood that correlated with number of dental amalgams (6).

Another recent publication demonstrated elevated mercury in the blood of living AD patients in comparison to age-matched controls (10). These studies clearly show that there should be increased mercury in your blood if you have amalgams and especially if you have AD and amalgams (6,10).

Does not the brain have blood in it? This makes it a total mystery as to how could the authors of the JADA article not find elevated brain mercury levels in patient with existing amalgams and/or AD. Even cadavers have brain mercury levels that correlate with the number of amalgam fillings they had on death.
Further, if you are addressing the contribution of amalgams to brain mercury and AD wouldn't it be important to divide the AD and control subjects into those with and without existing amalgams on death? In the JADA article this was not done and represents a major research flaw! That this was not done also arouses suspicion.

I participated in submitting a letter pointing out this flaw to editors of JADA but they refused to acknowledge the letter and did not publish our comments. It is my opinion that the entire situation around this singular supportive publication of the ADA position on amalgams, brain mercury levels and AD represents a weak attempt at controlling the mind-set of well-meaning dentists, scientists, physicians and medical research administrators.
It definitely impedes honest scientific debate. It also explains the cavalier attitude of the ADA and NIDCR about elemental mercury exposure and toxicity when compared to the more serious approaches taken by the EPA and OSHA.

With regards to the JADA article summary that "no statistically significant differences in brain mercury levels between subjects with Alzheimer's disease and control subjects." Here I must quote Mark Twain on honesty, "There are liars, damned liars and statisticians."
Comparing the level of mercury in the AD versus control alone using straight-forward statistics previously showed a significant difference on mercury levels in AD versus control subjects (14a,b, 15). However, there are anomalies, confounders and other factors that can be considered in this situation, especially if you don't like the initial results.

This allows one to invoke a Bon-Feroni statistical manipulation. With Bon-Feroni you include the comparison of one pair of data (that may be statistically significantly different taken alone, e.g. mercury levels in the brains of AD versus control subjects) with several other pairs of data rendering the difference statistically insignificant.
One known weakness of the Bon-Feroni treatment of several coupled pairs of comparisons is that one very likely will miss a single comparison that is significantly different, and clever people know this. It is my opinion that application of the Bon-Feroni manipulation is what happened in this JADA study that reversed the previous significance of the mercury levels in AD versus control brain previously reported.

Research previously reported by some of the very same researchers involved in the JADA study consistently indicated that mercury levels were higher in AD versus age-matched control brains (14a,b, 15).
Only when an ADA dentist became involved did the results change to being insignificant.
I think the data used in this JADA article and funded by NIH needs to be re-evaluated by a different statistician if we are to ever really know if the mercury levels in the AD brains differed significantly from

The letter from the ADA President then lists four publications as proof of amalgams having no statistically significant negative effects. Two of these were published in Scandinavian Journals, another was a review of the literature in a Dental Journal, and one was the JADA article mentioned above.
Sweden is well known to have lead the world in the restriction and replacement of dental amalgams with non-mercury containing materials

Forces are pushing hard to get the use of amalgams accepted again in Sweden to eliminate this embarrassment to our ADA. The current situation in Sweden and some other European countries, Canada and Japan seriously questions the ADA contention of amalgam safety. What if people in Sweden become healthier without amalgams?
Additionally, the studies quoted by the ADA President were epidemiological studies. These are very complex as many confounders are included which make finding a statistically significant difference very difficult

So the results are negative, nothing found, and not surprising. However, they are in disagreement with numerous other similar reports and appear to be hand-selected to support the ADA position. One has to wonder, since the ADA President seemed to visit Swedish journals to support the ADA position, how he missed the research of the Nylander group in Sweden that showed increased mercury content in brains and kidneys of humans in relationship to exposure to dental amalgams (17,18).
Also, the referenced studies in the ADA letter did not involve neurotoxicity, autism or neurological disease -- -which is the question at hand. Rather, they addressed fertility, reproduction and other systemic illnesses. Could not the ADA find references to focus on neurotoxiological studies?

What about the 1989 study that showed elevated levels of mercury in 54 individuals with Parkinson's disease when compared to 95 matched controls (16)? Further, one ought to consider who was doing these touted ADA studies and any vested interest they may have in the outcome.
I am also aware of studies done in the U.S.A. by major research universities that would disagree with the conclusions drawn by the ADA on this subject yet these articles are not considered in the ADA letter.
At the end of the last publication the quote "Conclusions: No statistically significant correlation was observed between dental amalgam and the incidence of diabetes, myocardial infarction, stroke, or cancer."

How does this relate to an article published in the J. of the American College of Cardiology where the mercury levels in the heart tissue of individuals who died from Idiopathic Dilated Cardiomyopathy (IDCM) contained mercury levels 22,000 times that of individuals who died of other forms of heart disease? Where did this tremendous amount of mercury come from?

Even a Bon-Feroni manipulation could not make this difference insignificant! Many who die of IDCM are well-conditioned, young athletes who drop dead during sporting events -- -and they live in locations and in economic environments where sea-food is not a dietary mainstay. Perhaps the victims of IDCM are within the ADA Presidents "handful of individuals who are allergic to one of its components."

"The National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research is currently supporting two very large clinical trials on the health effects of dental amalgam. Studies underway for several years each in Portugal and the Northeastern United States involve not only direct neurophysiological measures but also cognitive and functional assessments."

Do we really think that the NIDCR and associated ADA personnel are going to deliver up a conclusion to American parents saying "we put a mercury containing toxic material in your child's mouth that lowered his/her I.Q. and made him more susceptible to neurological problems in comparison to the children whom we selected to not get exposed to this toxic material"?
It is my opinion that most bureaucracies don't have a brain or a heart, but they do have a very strong survival instinct. Therefore, the results presented from this study will likely follow previously ADA supported research, i.e. no significant results.

Since the NIDCR started this project only 4 years ago one has to ask why it took so long for them to get involved since the "amalgam wars" have been going on for scores of years? Was it the overwhelming amount of modern science showing mercury from amalgams being a major part of the daily exposure that forced their hand and they had to develop a defense?

Would I trust the conclusions of this study without knowing who put it together and who did the statistics? Not any more than I trust the conclusions of the JADA article mentioned in the ADA letter that stupendously concludes that mercury from dental amalgams does not get into the brain.
As was proven by the tobacco situation, trying to find any significant negative effect of one product (amalgams) related to any disease through epidemiological studies is very difficult and complex. To do this with mercury would be difficult because of the synergistic effect two or more toxic metals or compounds (e.g. cadmium from smoking) may have on the

For example, one publication showed that combining mercury and lead both at LD1 levels caused the killing rate to go to 100% or to an LD100 level (12). An LD1 level is where, due to the low concentrations, the mercury or the lead alone was not very toxic alone (i.e., killed less than 1% of rats exposed when metal were used alone).
The 100% killing, when addition of 1% plus 1% we would expect 2%, represents synergistic toxicity. Therefore, mixing to non-lethal levels of mercury plus lead gave an extremely toxic mixture! What this proves is that one cannot define a "safe level of mercury" unless you absolutely know what others toxicants the individual is being exposed to.

The combined toxicity of various materials, such as mercury, thimerosal, lead, aluminum, formaldehyde, etc., is unknown. The effects various combinations of these toxicants would have is also not defined except that we know they would be much worse than any one of the toxicants alone.

So how could the ADA take any exception, based on intellectual considerations, to my contention that combinations of thimerosal and mercury could exacerbate the neurological conditions identified with autism and AD?

Autism and AD have clinical and biological markers that correspond to those observed in patients with toxic mercury exposure.
Why would the ADA take this position? I personally feel like I have been in a ten year argument with the town drunk on this issue. Facts don't count and data is only valid if it meets the pro-amalgam agenda.
The ADA was founded on the basis that mercury-containing amalgams are safe and useful for dental fillings. This may have been an acceptable position in 1850. However, modern science has proven that amalgams constantly emit unacceptable levels of mercury.

Especially as the average life span has increased from 50 to 75-78 years of age where AD and Parkinson's become prevalent diseases. The ADA can try to verify its position using selected epidemiological studies. But the bottom line is that amalgams emit significant levels of neurotoxic mercury that are injurious to human health and would exacerbate the medical condition of those individuals with neurological diseases such as ALS, MS, Parkinson's, autism and AD.

I am hoping that the ADA sent this letter to your committee and also placed it on the ADA web-site to indicate that they are now willing for a wide-open discussion to take place on the issue of dental amalgams.
I, for one, would welcome a major scientific conference on this issue. The ADA should feel free to post my letter in response and address any issue they feel that I am mistaken about.

However, in closing I urge your committee to push forward on the study of the potential dangers of mercury in our dentistry and medicines. This includes mercury exposures from amalgams, vaccines and other medicaments containing thimerosal. The synergistic effects of mercury with many of the toxicants commonly found in our environment make the danger unpredictable and possibly quite severe, especially any mixture containing elemental mercury, organic mercury and other heavy metal toxicants such as aluminum.

Sincerely,
Boyd E. Haley
Professor and Chair
Department of Chemistry
University of Kentucky

References: (Part 1, Part 2)
1. a. Duhr, E.F., Pendergrass, J. C., Slevin, J.T., and Haley, B. HgEDTA Complex Inhibits GTP Interactions With The E-Site of Brain b-Tubulin Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology 122, 273-288 (1993).; b. Pendergrass, J.C. and Haley, B.E. Mercury-EDTA Complex Specifically Blocks Brain b-Tubulin-GTP Interactions: Similarity to Observations in Alzheimer"s Disease. p 98-105 in Status Quo and Perspective of Amalgam and Other Dental Materials (International Symposium Proceedings ed. by L. T. Friberg and G. N. Schrauzer) Georg Thieme Verlag, Stuttgart-New York (1995).; c. Pendergrass, J.C. and Haley, B.E. Inhibition of Brain Tubulin-Guanosine 5'-Triphosphate Interactions by Mercury: Similarity to Observations in Alzheimer's Diseased Brain. In Metal Ions in Biological Systems V34, pp 461-478. Mercury and Its Effects on Environment and Biology, Chapter 16. Edited by H. Sigel and A. Sigel. Marcel Dekker, Inc. 270 Madison Ave., N.Y., N.Y. 10016 (1996).
2. Pendergrass, J. C., Haley, B.E., Vimy, M. J., Winfield, S.A. and Lorscheider, F.L. Mercury Vapor Inhalation Inhibits Binding of GTP to Tubulin in Rat Brain: Similarity to a Molecular Lesion in Alzheimer's Disease Brain. Neurotoxicology 18(2), 315-324 (1997).
3. David, S., Shoemaker, M., and Haley, B. Abnormal Properties of Creatine kinase in Alzheimer's Diseased Brain: Correlation of Reduced Enzyme Activity and Active Site Photolabeling with Aberrant Cytosol-Membrane Partitioning. Molecular Brain Research 54, 276-287 (1998).
4. Leong, CCW, Syed, N.I., and Lorscheider, F.L. Retrograde Degeneration of Neurite Membrane Structural Integrity and Formation of Neurofibillary Tangles at Nerve Growth Cones Following In Vitro Exposure to Mercury. NeuroReports 12 (4): 733-737, 2001.
5. Olivieri, G., Brack, Ch., Muller-Spahn, F., Stahelin, H.B., Herrmann, M., Renard, P; Brockhaus, M. and Hock, C. Mercury Induces Cell Cytotoxicity and Oxidative Stress and Increases b-amyloid Secretion and Tau Phosphorylation in SHSY5Y Neuroblastoma Cells. J. Neurochemistry 74, 231-231, 2000.
6. Kingman, A., Albertini, T. and Brown, L.J. Mercury Concentrations in Urine and Whole-Blood Associated with Amalgam Exposure in a U.S. Military Population. J. Dental Research 77(3) 461-71, 1998.
7. Chew, C. L., Soh, G., Lee, A. S. and Yeoh, T. S. Long-term Dissolution of Mercury from a Non-Mercury-Releasing Amalgam. Clinical Preventive Dentistry 13(3): 5-7, May-June (1991).
8. Hahn, L.J., Kloiber, R., Vimy, M. J., Takahashi, Y. and Lorscheider, F.L. Dental "Silver" Tooth Fillings: A Source of Mercury Exposure Revealed by Whole-Body Image Scan and Tissue Analysis. FASEB J. 3, 2641-2646, 1989.
9. Hahn, L.J., Kloiber, R., Leininger, R.W., Vimy, M. J., and Lorscheider, F.L. Whole-body Imaging of the Distribution of Mercury Released from Dental Filling Into Monkey Tissues. FASEB F. 4, 3256-3260, 1990.
10. Hock, C., Drasch, G., Golombowski, S., Muller-Span, F., Willerhausen-Zonnchen, B., Schwarz, P., Hock, U., Growdon, J.H., and Nitsch, R.M. Increased Blood Mercury Levels in Patients with Alzheimer's Disease. J. of Neural Transmission v105(1) 59-68, 1998.
11. Frustaci, A., Magnavita, N., Chimenti, C., Caldarulo, M., Sabbioni, E., Pietra, R., Cellini. C., Possati, G. F. and Maseri, A. Marked Elevation of Myocardial Trace Elements in Idiopathic Dilated Cardiomyopathy Compared With Secondary Dysfunction. J. of the American College Cardiology v33(6) 1578-1583, 1999,
12. Schubert, J., Riley, E.J., and Tyler, S.A. Combined Effects in Toxicology-A Rapid Systemic Testing Procedure: Cadmium, Mercury and Lead. J. of Toxicology and Environmental Health v4, 763-776,1978.
13. Wataha, J. C., Nakajima, H., Hanks, C. T., and Okabe, T. Correlation of Cytotoxicity with Element Release from Mercury and Gallium-based Dental Alloys in vitro. Dental Materials 10(5) 298-303, Sept. (1994)
14. a. Ehmann, W., Markesbery, W., and Alauddin, T., Hossain, E. and Brubaker, E., Brain Trace Elements in Alzheimer's Disease. Neurotoxicology 7(1) p197-206, 1986. b. Thompson, C. M., Markesbery, W.R., Ehmann, W.D., Mao, Y-X, and Vance, D.E. Regional Brain Trace-Element Studies in Alzheimer's Disease. Neurotoxicology 9, 1-8 (1988).
15. Wenstrup, D., Ehmann, W., and Markesbery, W. Brain Research, 533, 125-131, 1990.
16. Ngim, C.H., Devathasan, G. Epidemiologic Study on the Assocaiation Between Body Burden Mercury Level and Idiopathic Parkinson's Disease. Neuroepidemiology, 8, 128-141, 1989.
17. Nylander, M., Friberg, L. and Lind, B. Mercury Concentrations in the Human Brain and Kidneys in Relation to Exposure from Dental Amalgam Fillings. Swedish Dentistry J. 11:179-187, 1987.
18. Nylander, M., Friberg, L., Eggleston, D., Bjorkman, L. Mercury Accumulation in Tissues from Dental Staff and Controls in Relation to Exposure. Swedish Dental J. 13, 235-243, 1989
19. Heintze, U. Edwardsson, S., Derand, T. and Birkhed, D. Methylation of Mercury from Dental Amalgam and Mercuric Chloride by Oral Streptococci in vitro. Scand. J. Dental Research 91(2) 150-152, 1983.
References: (Part 1, Part 2)
1. a. Duhr, E.F., Pendergrass, J. C., Slevin, J.T., and Haley, B. HgEDTA Complex Inhibits GTP Interactions With The E-Site of Brain b-Tubulin Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology 122, 273-288 (1993).; b. Pendergrass, J.C. and Haley, B.E. Mercury-EDTA Complex Specifically Blocks Brain b-Tubulin-GTP Interactions: Similarity to Observations in Alzheimer"s Disease. p 98-105 in Status Quo and Perspective of Amalgam and Other Dental Materials (International Symposium Proceedings ed. by L. T. Friberg and G. N. Schrauzer) Georg Thieme Verlag, Stuttgart-New York (1995).; c. Pendergrass, J.C. and Haley, B.E. Inhibition of Brain Tubulin-Guanosine 5'-Triphosphate Interactions by Mercury: Similarity to Observations in Alzheimer's Diseased Brain. In Metal Ions in Biological Systems V34, pp 461-478. Mercury and Its Effects on Environment and Biology, Chapter 16. Edited by H. Sigel and A. Sigel. Marcel Dekker, Inc. 270 Madison Ave., N.Y., N.Y. 10016 (1996).
2. Pendergrass, J. C., Haley, B.E., Vimy, M. J., Winfield, S.A. and Lorscheider, F.L. Mercury Vapor Inhalation Inhibits Binding of GTP to Tubulin in Rat Brain: Similarity to a Molecular Lesion in Alzheimer's Disease Brain. Neurotoxicology 18(2), 315-324 (1997).
3. David, S., Shoemaker, M., and Haley, B. Abnormal Properties of Creatine kinase in Alzheimer's Diseased Brain: Correlation of Reduced Enzyme Activity and Active Site Photolabeling with Aberrant Cytosol-Membrane Partitioning. Molecular Brain Research 54, 276-287 (1998).
4. Leong, CCW, Syed, N.I., and Lorscheider, F.L. Retrograde Degeneration of Neurite Membrane Structural Integrity and Formation of Neurofibillary Tangles at Nerve Growth Cones Following In Vitro Exposure to Mercury. NeuroReports 12 (4): 733-737, 2001.
5. Olivieri, G., Brack, Ch., Muller-Spahn, F., Stahelin, H.B., Herrmann, M., Renard, P; Brockhaus, M. and Hock, C. Mercury Induces Cell Cytotoxicity and Oxidative Stress and Increases b-amyloid Secretion and Tau Phosphorylation in SHSY5Y Neuroblastoma Cells. J. Neurochemistry 74, 231-231, 2000.
6. Kingman, A., Albertini, T. and Brown, L.J. Mercury Concentrations in Urine and Whole-Blood Associated with Amalgam Exposure in a U.S. Military Population. J. Dental Research 77(3) 461-71, 1998.
7. Chew, C. L., Soh, G., Lee, A. S. and Yeoh, T. S. Long-term Dissolution of Mercury from a Non-Mercury-Releasing Amalgam. Clinical Preventive Dentistry 13(3): 5-7, May-June (1991).
8. Hahn, L.J., Kloiber, R., Vimy, M. J., Takahashi, Y. and Lorscheider, F.L. Dental "Silver" Tooth Fillings: A Source of Mercury Exposure Revealed by Whole-Body Image Scan and Tissue Analysis. FASEB J. 3, 2641-2646, 1989.
9. Hahn, L.J., Kloiber, R., Leininger, R.W., Vimy, M. J., and Lorscheider, F.L. Whole-body Imaging of the Distribution of Mercury Released from Dental Filling Into Monkey Tissues. FASEB F. 4, 3256-3260, 1990.
10. Hock, C., Drasch, G., Golombowski, S., Muller-Span, F., Willerhausen-Zonnchen, B., Schwarz, P., Hock, U., Growdon, J.H., and Nitsch, R.M. Increased Blood Mercury Levels in Patients with Alzheimer's Disease. J. of Neural Transmission v105(1) 59-68, 1998.
11. Frustaci, A., Magnavita, N., Chimenti, C., Caldarulo, M., Sabbioni, E., Pietra, R., Cellini. C., Possati, G. F. and Maseri, A. Marked Elevation of Myocardial Trace Elements in Idiopathic Dilated Cardiomyopathy Compared With Secondary Dysfunction. J. of the American College Cardiology v33(6) 1578-1583, 1999,
12. Schubert, J., Riley, E.J., and Tyler, S.A. Combined Effects in Toxicology-A Rapid Systemic Testing Procedure: Cadmium, Mercury and Lead. J. of Toxicology and Environmental Health v4, 763-776,1978.
13. Wataha, J. C., Nakajima, H., Hanks, C. T., and Okabe, T. Correlation of Cytotoxicity with Element Release from Mercury and Gallium-based Dental Alloys in vitro. Dental Materials 10(5) 298-303, Sept. (1994)
14. a. Ehmann, W., Markesbery, W., and Alauddin, T., Hossain, E. and Brubaker, E., Brain Trace Elements in Alzheimer's Disease. Neurotoxicology 7(1) p197-206, 1986. b. Thompson, C. M., Markesbery, W.R., Ehmann, W.D., Mao, Y-X, and Vance, D.E. Regional Brain Trace-Element Studies in Alzheimer's Disease. Neurotoxicology 9, 1-8 (1988).
15. Wenstrup, D., Ehmann, W., and Markesbery, W. Brain Research, 533, 125-131, 1990.
16. Ngim, C.H., Devathasan, G. Epidemiologic Study on the Assocaiation Between Body Burden Mercury Level and Idiopathic Parkinson's Disease. Neuroepidemiology, 8, 128-141, 1989.
17. Nylander, M., Friberg, L. and Lind, B. Mercury Concentrations in the Human Brain and Kidneys in Relation to Exposure from Dental Amalgam Fillings. Swedish Dentistry J. 11:179-187, 1987.
18. Nylander, M., Friberg, L., Eggleston, D., Bjorkman, L. Mercury Accumulation in Tissues from Dental Staff and Controls in Relation to Exposure. Swedish Dental J. 13, 235-243, 1989
19. Heintze, U. Edwardsson, S., Derand, T. and Birkhed, D. Methylation of Mercury from Dental Amalgam and Mercuric Chloride by Oral Streptococci in vitro. Scand. J. Dental Research 91(2) 150-152, 1983.

Problem: The composite dentists use to replace Amalgam is toxic as well. I think DocDave or another Dentist poster made this point. Which one is worse? In addition, Amalgam fillings are stronger, and if the filling is large, the composite does not work well.

Why can't dentists simply grind the Amalgam filling and coat the area with composite, thus effectively sealing the mercury in?
Will the composity adhere to the Amalgam?

Many questions, too little answers.

Dental Information is a nonprofit research trust of ALT Inc. founded by Dr. Boyd Haley, Ph.D. Biochemist, Professor and Chair of Chemistry Department, University of Kentucky, and Dr. Curt Pendergrass, Ph.D. Toxicologist and President of ALT Inc. These scientists have over 35 years combined research experience in the study of protein biochemistry, heavy metal neurotoxicology and neurodegenerative diseases. This site is equipped with many hyperlinks all of which are all indicated by RED text.

Our Motto

"Absence of proof is not proof of absence."

Our Mission
To study the impact of exposures to environmental toxins on human health and disease.

To develop and promote the use of alternative in vitro toxicity assays which reduce the need for laboratory animals.

To promote the elimination of all needless and avoidable forms of mercury exposure including mercury in "silver" amalgam fillings and thimerosal in vaccines.

The Need For Research
"The developing fetus and young children are thought to be disproportionately affected by mercury exposure, because many aspects of development, particularly brain maturation, can be disturbed by the presence of mercury. Minimizing mercury exposure is, therefore, essential to optimal child health."
Source: Technical report: mercury in the environment: implications for pediatricians. Goldman LR, Shannon MW; American Academy of Pediatrics: Committee on Environmental Health. Pediatrics (2001) Jul;108(1):197-205. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/PubMed&list_uids=11433078&dopt=Abstract

Mercury in all of its forms is toxic to the fetus and children, and efforts should be made to reduce exposure to the extent possible to pregnant women and children as well as the general population.
Source: Technical Report: Mercury in the Environment: Implications for Pediatricians (RE109907) AMERICAN ACADEMY OF PEDIATRICS, Lynn R. Goldman, MD, MPH; Michael W. Shannon, MD, MPH; and the Committee on Environmental Health, Pediatrics, Volume 108, Number 1, July 2001, pp 197-205

About 8 percent of U.S. women of childbearing age have enough mercury in their blood to be at risk. The National Academy of Sciences estimates that 60,000 newborns a year could be at risk of learning disabilities because of mercury their mothers absorbed during pregnancy.

Primum non nocere (First, do no harm.)
"As to diseases, make a habit of two things -- to help, or at least to do no harm."

Hippocrates in Epidemics, Bk. I, Sect. XI (tr. by W.H.S. Jones)

Disclaimer
All of the original research shown on this web site was wholly funded by ALT, Inc. and by other donations to Dental Information. The purpose of this web site is to educate persons in the health care community and the public at large about the potential dangers resulting from exposure to mercury amalgam and to thimerosal containing compounds and substances.

Neither the TEST Foundation or ALT, Inc. has profited in any way from this research nor do either offer any goods or services which can be used to detect or monitor for toxicity resulting from exposure to mercury.

If you are interested in having mercury levels levels measured we suggest you contact a commercial laboratory that does that type of testing.

We at Dental Information and ALT, Inc. believe very strongly in eliminating all unnecessary and avoidable forms of exposure to mercury and mercury containing compounds. This includes thimerosal in vaccines and mercury in dental "silver" amalgam fillings, two completely avoidable and unnecessary forms of mercury exposure.

This is especially true for infants, small children, pregnant women and women of child bearing age who are more susceptible to the toxic effects of mercury.

"We make a living by what we get, we make a life by what we give."

W. A. Nance

WWW.ALTCORP.COM/AMALGAM PAGE
Dental Information

Mercury Amalgam

Boyd Haley Ph.D., University of Kentucky, Professor and Chairman, Department of Chemistry speaks out on the dangers of mercury amalgam at a protest in front of the American Dental Association's Chicago headquarters Sept. 7. To view clip, select between the 56K or broadband versions. http://www.dentalproducts.net/webextra/protest.html

Maine Governor Angus King probably said it best when he compared the current use of mercury in dental fillings with the 1950's use in shoe stores of powerful x-ray machines called fluoroscopes, which exposed hundreds of thousands of adults and children to high doses of toxic x-rays. "Every child who went into the shoe store to buy new shoes would put his feet into the fluoroscope so the bones could be seen," King recalled. "People who worked in the store were exposed to the radiation all day; children played games around the machine.

Now we realize it was a terrible thing to do, but then it seemed perfectly normal. Some day we will wonder how we could ever have put such a toxic substance into the human mouth." (see Maine and Amalgam)

Compare this to the industry view on mercury amalgam: The bulk of dental amalgam research and development efforts, Warsow noted, has had nothing to do with trying to reduce the mercury content. "Most of the science has been focused on changing the ratio of silver, tin, and copper, as well as adding other metals, such as palladium, to improve polishability and create a material with optimal, controlled expansion." (Greg Warsow, product manager for Kerr Dental's line of amalgam alloys).
By contrast the American Dental Association states "The ADA supports ongoing research in the development of new materials that it hopes will someday prove to be as safe and effective as dental amalgam."

Parents: The next time you take your child to the dentist to have a cavity filled and they recommend silver amalgam, ask your dentist "what restoration material they use on their own children and why?". If they answer "ceramic or composite because they are white and match the color of the teeth unlike silver amalgam fillings", ask yourself "is it really just for cosmetic reasons or is it simply because your dentist doesn't want to place as much as 500 mg of mercury, the most toxic, nonradioactive metal known to man, 5 centimeters from their own child's brain?". Which reason do you really believe? More importantly, why is mercury amalgam good enough for your child but not for your dentist's own children?
"In my opinion, the available data indicate that amalgam should be avoided whenever possible...The often cited tolerance of amalgam in relation to technique may in part be explained by dental education. Dentists learn how to place amalgam correctly in school. I wonder if this fact isn't the source of our problems with composites still today." Dr. Gary Unterbrink

http://www.ada.org/public/topics/newtopics/whitefillings.html

Questions:

How is it that the only place mercury is safe is in the mouth?

How can the FDA and EPA honestly believe they are protecting the general public from environmental mercury exposure when they crack down on emissions from coal fired electric utilities and limit the consumption of seafood while at the same time they completely ignore the most prevalent source of environmental mercury exposure in the non-occupationally exposed population, dental 'silver' amalgam fillings? (see Exposure)

Between these three sources, which do you feel is the most unnecessary, easiest to control or prevent, and the least beneficial? (see Fish)

Why isn't the truly mercury free silver amalgam restorative developed jointly by the Dental and Medical Materials section of the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) and the ADA (with tax payer dollars) being used in the U.S. even though their own research showed that "hand consolidated silver equals or exceeds the transverse rupture strength, shear strength, creep, toughness, corrosion resistance, microleakage, cyclic contact fatigue, and wear properties of conventional mercury amalgam"? (see NIST)

How can mercury amalgam be considered a safe and effective dental restorative when, according to Dr. Gary Schumacher, a dentist and chief of clinical research at the American Dental Association Health Foundation's Paffenbarger Research Center, secondary cavities that form under or adjacent to conventional (amalgam) fillings are "probably the biggest problem facing most dentists today"? Dr. Schumacher estimates more than half of the fillings done by dentists are necessitated by secondary tooth decay. (see Amalgam and Cavities)

And finally, after seeing all of the following scientific and medical data refuting the safety of dental amalgam, ask yourself "What does the American Dental Association's 'Seal of Approval' really stand for?" (see ADA)

TABLE OF CONTENTS

What's New

Mercury in Dental Amalgams: An Examination Of the Science Committee on Government Reform

Rep. Dan Burton, R-Indiana, Chairman

Hearing: November 14, 2002

The latest research on mercury release from dental amalgam From the IADR/AADR/CADR 80th General Session (March 6-9, 2002) San Diego, California

Conclusions from studies: There are measurable exposures to mercury from dental amalgam which persist over at least two years beyond placement, and additional exposures do result in increased measurable HgU levels. These findings are consistent with current metabolic models of low level Hg exposure and excretion but do not reflect anything about the health effects of low level Hg exposure in children with no previous exposure to any restorative material.

Results show considerable amounts of residual mercury in wastewater lines from large dental clinics. TCLP (Toxicity Characteristic Leaching Procedure) analysis shows waste lines to be capable of leaching mercury over RCRA limits making them subject to hazardous waste disposal regulations under RCRA (Resource Conservation and Recovery Act).

Review of Dr. Baratz testimony before the Florida Dental Board By Dr. Ralph Dougherty Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry

Florida State University

Dr. Boyd E. Haley Chair, Department of Chemistry

University of Kentucky

The Food and Drug Administration speaks out on the safety of mercury amalgam. "FDA and other organizations of the U.S. Public Health Service (USPHS) continue to investigate the safety of amalgams used in dental restorations (fillings). However, no valid scientific evidence has ever shown that amalgams cause harm to patients with dental restorations."

To see a listing of published studies on the safety of mercury amalgam restorations see Published Studies. Note the lack of funding for or participation by the USPHS and FDA in any of these studies.

FDA's Hypocracy by Cindy H. Dubin, Managing Editor, Pharmaceutical Formulation and Quality

The Relationship of the Toxic Effects of Mercury to Exacerbation of the Medical Condition Classified as Alzheimer's Disease By Boyd E. Haley Ph.D., Professor and Chair, Department of Chemistry, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY

Dr. Boyd E. Haley Responds to Newspaper Articles Concerning Elevated Blood Mercury Levels in Rescue Workers at the World Trade Centers

Mercury Amalgam Wastes - The Primary Source of Mercury Pollution in Our Nation's Waterways "The average dentist's office produces up to a kilogram of mercury waste every year, according to estimates. Environment Canada says it all adds up to about two tonnes of toxic material - the same amount that coal-fired power plants spew into the air."

Although several sources contributing to the domestic mercury concentrations have been identified, human wastes (feces and urine) from individuals with dental amalgam fillings are believed to be the most significant source -- greater than 80 percent. Association of Metropolitan Sewerage Agencies

Evaluation of Domestic Sources of Mercury August 2000 Mercury - toxic going in and coming out

Mercury Wastes, Just Another of the Many Problems Associated with Mercury Amalgam From the Regional Water Quality Control Plant (RWQCP) which treats wastewater from the East Palo Alto Sanitary District, Los Altos, Los Altos Hills, Mountain View, Palo Alto, and Stanford California.

The Environmental Compliance Division maintains a Pretreatment Program for control of industrial dischargers and also regulates many commercial dischargers.

The Naval Dental Research Institute Tackles the Problem of Mercury Amalgam Wastes

http://www.dentalmercury.com/home.html

The ADA, dental amalgam manufacturers and dentists aren't the only ones with something to lose if mercury amalgam restorations are banned.

The HALITOSIS ( Hg Approximate Levels In Teeth Or Sputum) Informational Screening program From Tekran Inc., a world leader in the production of instruments for measuring trace levels of mercury.

Congresswomen Diane Watson (D-Los Angeles) Takes the California Dental Association to Task over the Mercury in Dental Filling Disclosure and Prohibition Act

Silver fillings, free speech spur debate By ANDY DWORKIN
The Oregonian, 03/08/02

Filling Sick Lately? By L.A. McKeown, WebMD Medical News

Are `silver' dental fillings safe? By Francesca Lyman, Your Environment Special to MSNBC

"Dentists Battle 'Gag' on Warning About Mercury.

By Kathryn Kranhold, Staff Reporter of The Wall Street Journal

Health risks of mercury in fillings debated By Karen Brandon, Tribune national correspondent, August 22, 2001

Dr. Murray J. Vimy DMD Responds to Dr. Robert M. Anderton DDS, President of the American Dental Association

The ADA Responds to Testimony Given by Dr. Boyd Haley at Hearings Chaired by Representative Dan Burton Regarding the Safety of Mercury in Dental Amalgam

Dr. Boyd Haley PhD responds to the letter from Robert M. Anderton, D.D.S., J.D., L.L.M. and President of the ADA, challenging his statement to the Committee on Government Reform looking at the topic, Autism-Why the Increased Rates? A One Year Update

Mercury Toxicity Slide Show

Toxic Effects of Mercury on Central Nervous System Nucleotide Binding Proteins: Potential Role in Alzheimer's Disease

By Boyd E. Haley Ph.D. and J. Curt Pendergrass Ph.D.

Alzheimer's Disease and Mercury Published Studies Showing the Link Between Alzheimer's Disease, Mercury and Dental Amalgam

Retrograde Degeneration of Neurite Membrane Structural Integrity of Nerve Growth Cones Following In Vitro Exposure to Mercury

By Christopher C. W. Leong, Ph.D., Naweed I. Syed, Ph.D., Fritz L. Lorscheider Ph.D.

Mercury Exposure Produces AD-Like Pathology In Vitro Mercury Induces Cell Cytotoxicity and Oxidative Stress and Increases b-Amyloid Secretion and Tau Phosphorylation in SHSY5Y Neuroblastoma Cells

By Drs. G. Olivieri, Ch. Brack, F. M�ller-Spahn, H. B. St�helin, M. Herrmann,P. Renard, M. Brockhaus and C. Hock

Mercury Amalgam and the American Dental Association The Contrasting Legal and Public Positions of the American Dental Association on the Safety and Use of Mercury Amalgam

Amalgam Composition From Dentsply-Caulk, the makers of Dispersalloy�, "The world's most widely used alloy".

Sources of Environmental Mercury Exposure From the World Health Organization

Heart Disease and Mercury Marked Elevation of Myocardial Trace Elements in Idiopathic Dilated Cardiomyopathy Compared With Secondary Dysfunction

A published study by Drs. Frustaci, A., Magnavita, N., Chimenti, C., Caldarulo, M., Sabbioni, E., Pietra, R., Cellini, C., Possati, G.F. and Maseri, A.

TOXIC TEETH: THE CHRONIC MERCURY POISONING OF MODERN MAN By Dr. Murray J. Vimy DMD

Clinical Associate Professor

Faculty of Medicine, University of Calgary.

One Dentist's Fight to Educate His Patients About the Dangers of Mercury Amalgam An article by Dr. Mark A. Breiner D.D.S. entitled "Does The First Amendment Apply To Dentists?"

San Francisco and Mercury Amalgam A Resolution Passed by the City and County of San Francisco Urging the Elimination of Mercury Including Mercury Amalgam

Los Angeles Times Mercury Amalgam Article An Article Published in the Los Angeles Times on Monday, October 25, 1999 Entitled "A Debate on Mercury in Fillings".

By Amy Pyle, L.A. Times Staff Writer

Resolution. First Step to a Mercury-Free Los Angeles.

Published Mercury Amalgam Studies Selected Studies on the Release and Toxicity of Mercury from Dental Amalgam Published in Peer Reviewed Scientific, Dental and Medical Journals With Links to the National Library of Medicine for Complete Abstracts and to Order Copies of Complete Articles with Loansome Doc.

Amalgam Quotes Kindly provided by Dr. John Roberts B.Ch.D.

Mercury in Massachusetts: An Evaluation of Sources, Emissions, Impacts and Controls. An excellent review article by C. Mark Smith of the Massachusetts Department of Environmental Protection covering the sources and fate of the various forms of mercury (organic and inorganic) present in the environment.

Dental Amalgam: A Scientific Review and Recommended Public Health Service Strategy for Research, Education and Regulation Final Report of the Subcommittee on Risk Management of the Committee to Coordinate Environmental Health and Related Programs, Public Health Service, Department of Health and Human Services, January 1993.

Find a Mercury Free Dentist

Physical and Chemical Properties of Mercury From WebElements

Treatment of Mercury Poisoning Article by Barry Diner, MD, Chief Resident, Department of Emergency Medicine, The Brooklyn Hospital Center, on the clinical symptoms and treatment of Hg poisoning from EMedicine.com

Chemistry and Toxicity of the Different Mercury Species Mercury Toxicity and How it Affects our Health

Mercury Review

Mercury in the Environment

Mercury in General Including Elemental Mercury (Hg0)

Mercury (II) Chloride (HgCl2)

Methylmercury (CH3Hg+)

Dimethylmercury

Is There a Relation Between Is There a Relation Between SELENIUM in Blood and Subjective Symptoms Self-Related to Dental Amalgam? By Drs. Paul Johan H�l, Nils R. Gjerdet, Rune Eide, Jan S. Vamnes, Rolf Isrenn

Department of Odontology, Dental Biomaterials

University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway.

Mercury Amalgam View Points - Pro and Con Amalgam Debate - A Lawyer's View By Christopher A. Bomba, J.D.

The Mercury In Your Molars Is Safe. Right? By Wesley E. Shankland, II, DDS, MS, PhD
Past President, American Academy of Head, Neck and Facial Pain

Science and the Safety of "Silver Fillings" By Per Dalen MD

The Fallacies of Statutory Informed Consent (pertaining to amalgam installation) By G. Scott Crowther

The Safety of Dental Amalgam By Richard F. Mascola, D.D.S.,

President, American Dental Association

The Amalgam Controversy. An Evidence-Based Analysis. By John E. Dodes, D.D.S.

J Am Dent Assoc 2001 Mar;132(3):348-56

Toxic Television: The Mercury Amalgam Scam By Dr. Stephen Barrett

Priorities Magazine, Volume 3 Number 4 1991

American Council on Science and Health

The Legal Position of the American Dental Association on the Safety of Mercury Containing Dental Amalgam

Mercury Toxicity From the World Health Organization

Safe Handling of Mercury and Mercury Compounds Environmental Health and Safety Manual Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory Volume II: Health & Safety Hazards and Controls

QUANTITATIVE ANALYSIS OF Hg, Ag, Sn, Cu, Zn AND TRACE ELEMENTS IN AMALGAM REMOVED FROM AN ABUTMENT TOOTH UNDERNEATH A GOLD ALLOY BRIDGE THAT HAD BEEN IN VIVO FOR NINE PLUS YEARS By Gilbert H. Jackson, III, BS Chem, JD Law.

http://www.ibiblio.org/amalgam/

Mercury Amalgam Toxicity. Your next visit to the dentist may not be as innocent as you think. by Jim O'Brien

Mercury Detoxification Protocol

Age-Related Cognitive Decline and Fish Consumption

The Second Annual Dental, Medical and Scientific Conference on Sources, Diagnosis and Treatment of Oral Toxicities, Held on May 26-28 in Lexington, KY Sponsored by Affinity Labeling Technologies, Inc. and Kelley Dental Laboratory.

Held in Conjunction with "The Law of Dental Boards and Mercury Fillings". Presented by Dave Swankin, Jim Turner, and Charlie Brown Attorneys at Law.

Health Care Hyperlinks

Dental Information

Mercury Amalgam

Boyd Haley Ph.D., University of Kentucky, Professor and Chairman, Department of Chemistry speaks out on the dangers of mercury amalgam at a protest in front of the American Dental Association's Chicago headquarters Sept. 7. To view clip, select between the 56K or broadband versions. http://www.dentalproducts.net/webextra/protest.html

Maine Governor Angus King probably said it best when he compared the current use of mercury in dental fillings with the 1950's use in shoe stores of powerful x-ray machines called fluoroscopes, which exposed hundreds of thousands of adults and children to high doses of toxic x-rays. "Every child who went into the shoe store to buy new shoes would put his feet into the fluoroscope so the bones could be seen," King recalled. "People who worked in the store were exposed to the radiation all day; children played games around the machine. Now we realize it was a terrible thing to do, but then it seemed perfectly normal. Some day we will wonder how we could ever have put such a toxic substance into the human mouth." (see Maine and Amalgam)

Compare this to the industry view on mercury amalgam: The bulk of dental amalgam research and development efforts, Warsow noted, has had nothing to do with trying to reduce the mercury content. "Most of the science has been focused on changing the ratio of silver, tin, and copper, as well as adding other metals, such as palladium, to improve polishability and create a material with optimal, controlled expansion." (Greg Warsow, product manager for Kerr Dental's line of amalgam alloys).
By contrast the American Dental Association states "The ADA supports ongoing research in the development of new materials that it hopes will someday prove to be as safe and effective as dental amalgam."

Parents: The next time you take your child to the dentist to have a cavity filled and they recommend silver amalgam, ask your dentist "what restoration material they use on their own children and why?". If they answer "ceramic or composite because they are white and match the color of the teeth unlike silver amalgam fillings", ask yourself "is it really just for cosmetic reasons or is it simply because your dentist doesn't want to place as much as 500 mg of mercury, the most toxic, nonradioactive metal known to man, 5 centimeters from their own child's brain?". Which reason do you really believe? More importantly, why is mercury amalgam good enough for your child but not for your dentist's own children?
"In my opinion, the available data indicate that amalgam should be avoided whenever possible...The often cited tolerance of amalgam in relation to technique may in part be explained by dental education. Dentists learn how to place amalgam correctly in school. I wonder if this fact isn't the source of our problems with composites still today." Dr. Gary Unterbrink

http://www.ada.org/public/topics/newtopics/whitefillings.html

Questions:

How is it that the only place mercury is safe is in the mouth?

How can the FDA and EPA honestly believe they are protecting the general public from environmental mercury exposure when they crack down on emissions from coal fired electric utilities and limit the consumption of seafood while at the same time they completely ignore the most prevalent source of environmental mercury exposure in the non-occupationally exposed population, dental 'silver' amalgam fillings? (see Exposure)

Between these three sources, which do you feel is the most unnecessary, easiest to control or prevent, and the least beneficial? (see Fish)

Why isn't the truly mercury free silver amalgam restorative developed jointly by the Dental and Medical Materials section of the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) and the ADA (with tax payer dollars) being used in the U.S. even though their own research showed that "hand consolidated silver equals or exceeds the transverse rupture strength, shear strength, creep, toughness, corrosion resistance, microleakage, cyclic contact fatigue, and wear properties of conventional mercury amalgam"? (see NIST)

How can mercury amalgam be considered a safe and effective dental restorative when, according to Dr. Gary Schumacher, a dentist and chief of clinical research at the American Dental Association Health Foundation's Paffenbarger Research Center, secondary cavities that form under or adjacent to conventional (amalgam) fillings are "probably the biggest problem facing most dentists today"? Dr. Schumacher estimates more than half of the fillings done by dentists are necessitated by secondary tooth decay. (see Amalgam and Cavities)

And finally, after seeing all of the following scientific and medical data refuting the safety of dental amalgam, ask yourself "What does the American Dental Association's 'Seal of Approval' really stand for?" (see ADA)

TABLE OF CONTENTS

What's New

Mercury in Dental Amalgams: An Examination Of the Science Committee on Government Reform

Rep. Dan Burton, R-Indiana, Chairman

Hearing: November 14, 2002

The latest research on mercury release from dental amalgam From the IADR/AADR/CADR 80th General Session (March 6-9, 2002) San Diego, California

Conclusions from studies: There are measurable exposures to mercury from dental amalgam which persist over at least two years beyond placement, and additional exposures do result in increased measurable HgU levels. These findings are consistent with current metabolic models of low level Hg exposure and excretion but do not reflect anything about the health effects of low level Hg exposure in children with no previous exposure to any restorative material.

Results show considerable amounts of residual mercury in wastewater lines from large dental clinics. TCLP (Toxicity Characteristic Leaching Procedure) analysis shows waste lines to be capable of leaching mercury over RCRA limits making them subject to hazardous waste disposal regulations under RCRA (Resource Conservation and Recovery Act).

Review of Dr. Baratz testimony before the Florida Dental Board By Dr. Ralph Dougherty Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry

Florida State University

Dr. Boyd E. Haley Chair, Department of Chemistry

University of Kentucky

The Food and Drug Administration speaks out on the safety of mercury amalgam. "FDA and other organizations of the U.S. Public Health Service (USPHS) continue to investigate the safety of amalgams used in dental restorations (fillings). However, no valid scientific evidence has ever shown that amalgams cause harm to patients with dental restorations."

To see a listing of published studies on the safety of mercury amalgam restorations see Published Studies. Note the lack of funding for or participation by the USPHS and FDA in any of these studies.

FDA's Hypocracy by Cindy H. Dubin, Managing Editor, Pharmaceutical Formulation and Quality

The Relationship of the Toxic Effects of Mercury to Exacerbation of the Medical Condition Classified as Alzheimer's Disease By Boyd E. Haley Ph.D., Professor and Chair, Department of Chemistry, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY

Dr. Boyd E. Haley Responds to Newspaper Articles Concerning Elevated Blood Mercury Levels in Rescue Workers at the World Trade Centers

Mercury Amalgam Wastes - The Primary Source of Mercury Pollution in Our Nation's Waterways "The average dentist's office produces up to a kilogram of mercury waste every year, according to estimates. Environment Canada says it all adds up to about two tonnes of toxic material - the same amount that coal-fired power plants spew into the air."

Although several sources contributing to the domestic mercury concentrations have been identified, human wastes (feces and urine) from individuals with dental amalgam fillings are believed to be the most significant source -- greater than 80 percent. Association of Metropolitan Sewerage Agencies

Evaluation of Domestic Sources of Mercury August 2000 Mercury - toxic going in and coming out

Mercury Wastes, Just Another of the Many Problems Associated with Mercury Amalgam From the Regional Water Quality Control Plant (RWQCP) which treats wastewater from the East Palo Alto Sanitary District, Los Altos, Los Altos Hills, Mountain View, Palo Alto, and Stanford California.

The Environmental Compliance Division maintains a Pretreatment Program for control of industrial dischargers and also regulates many commercial dischargers.

The Naval Dental Research Institute Tackles the Problem of Mercury Amalgam Wastes

http://www.dentalmercury.com/home.html

The ADA, dental amalgam manufacturers and dentists aren't the only ones with something to lose if mercury amalgam restorations are banned.

The HALITOSIS ( Hg Approximate Levels In Teeth Or Sputum) Informational Screening program From Tekran Inc., a world leader in the production of instruments for measuring trace levels of mercury.

Congresswomen Diane Watson (D-Los Angeles) Takes the California Dental Association to Task over the Mercury in Dental Filling Disclosure and Prohibition Act

Silver fillings, free speech spur debate By ANDY DWORKIN
The Oregonian, 03/08/02

Filling Sick Lately? By L.A. McKeown, WebMD Medical News

Are `silver' dental fillings safe? By Francesca Lyman, Your Environment Special to MSNBC

"Dentists Battle 'Gag' on Warning About Mercury.

By Kathryn Kranhold, Staff Reporter of The Wall Street Journal

Health risks of mercury in fillings debated By Karen Brandon, Tribune national correspondent, August 22, 2001

Dr. Murray J. Vimy DMD Responds to Dr. Robert M. Anderton DDS, President of the American Dental Association

The ADA Responds to Testimony Given by Dr. Boyd Haley at Hearings Chaired by Representative Dan Burton Regarding the Safety of Mercury in Dental Amalgam

Dr. Boyd Haley PhD responds to the letter from Robert M. Anderton, D.D.S., J.D., L.L.M. and President of the ADA, challenging his statement to the Committee on Government Reform looking at the topic, Autism-Why the Increased Rates? A One Year Update

Mercury Toxicity Slide Show

Toxic Effects of Mercury on Central Nervous System Nucleotide Binding Proteins: Potential Role in Alzheimer's Disease

By Boyd E. Haley Ph.D. and J. Curt Pendergrass Ph.D.

Alzheimer's Disease and Mercury Published Studies Showing the Link Between Alzheimer's Disease, Mercury and Dental Amalgam

Retrograde Degeneration of Neurite Membrane Structural Integrity of Nerve Growth Cones Following In Vitro Exposure to Mercury

By Christopher C. W. Leong, Ph.D., Naweed I. Syed, Ph.D., Fritz L. Lorscheider Ph.D.

Mercury Exposure Produces AD-Like Pathology In Vitro Mercury Induces Cell Cytotoxicity and Oxidative Stress and Increases b-Amyloid Secretion and Tau Phosphorylation in SHSY5Y Neuroblastoma Cells

By Drs. G. Olivieri, Ch. Brack, F. M�ller-Spahn, H. B. St�helin, M. Herrmann,P. Renard, M. Brockhaus and C. Hock

Mercury Amalgam and the American Dental Association The Contrasting Legal and Public Positions of the American Dental Association on the Safety and Use of Mercury Amalgam

Amalgam Composition From Dentsply-Caulk, the makers of Dispersalloy�, "The world's most widely used alloy".

Sources of Environmental Mercury Exposure From the World Health Organization

Heart Disease and Mercury Marked Elevation of Myocardial Trace Elements in Idiopathic Dilated Cardiomyopathy Compared With Secondary Dysfunction

A published study by Drs. Frustaci, A., Magnavita, N., Chimenti, C., Caldarulo, M., Sabbioni, E., Pietra, R., Cellini, C., Possati, G.F. and Maseri, A.

TOXIC TEETH: THE CHRONIC MERCURY POISONING OF MODERN MAN By Dr. Murray J. Vimy DMD

Clinical Associate Professor

Faculty of Medicine, University of Calgary.

One Dentist's Fight to Educate His Patients About the Dangers of Mercury Amalgam An article by Dr. Mark A. Breiner D.D.S. entitled "Does The First Amendment Apply To Dentists?"

San Francisco and Mercury Amalgam A Resolution Passed by the City and County of San Francisco Urging the Elimination of Mercury Including Mercury Amalgam

Los Angeles Times Mercury Amalgam Article An Article Published in the Los Angeles Times on Monday, October 25, 1999 Entitled "A Debate on Mercury in Fillings".

By Amy Pyle, L.A. Times Staff Writer

Resolution. First Step to a Mercury-Free Los Angeles.

Published Mercury Amalgam Studies Selected Studies on the Release and Toxicity of Mercury from Dental Amalgam Published in Peer Reviewed Scientific, Dental and Medical Journals With Links to the National Library of Medicine for Complete Abstracts and to Order Copies of Complete Articles with Loansome Doc.

Amalgam Quotes Kindly provided by Dr. John Roberts B.Ch.D.

Mercury in Massachusetts: An Evaluation of Sources, Emissions, Impacts and Controls. An excellent review article by C. Mark Smith of the Massachusetts Department of Environmental Protection covering the sources and fate of the various forms of mercury (organic and inorganic) present in the environment.

Dental Amalgam: A Scientific Review and Recommended Public Health Service Strategy for Research, Education and Regulation Final Report of the Subcommittee on Risk Management of the Committee to Coordinate Environmental Health and Related Programs, Public Health Service, Department of Health and Human Services, January 1993.

Find a Mercury Free Dentist

Physical and Chemical Properties of Mercury From WebElements

Treatment of Mercury Poisoning Article by Barry Diner, MD, Chief Resident, Department of Emergency Medicine, The Brooklyn Hospital Center, on the clinical symptoms and treatment of Hg poisoning from EMedicine.com

Chemistry and Toxicity of the Different Mercury Species Mercury Toxicity and How it Affects our Health

Mercury Review

Mercury in the Environment

Mercury in General Including Elemental Mercury (Hg0)

Mercury (II) Chloride (HgCl2)

Methylmercury (CH3Hg+)

Dimethylmercury

Is There a Relation Between Is There a Relation Between SELENIUM in Blood and Subjective Symptoms Self-Related to Dental Amalgam? By Drs. Paul Johan H�l, Nils R. Gjerdet, Rune Eide, Jan S. Vamnes, Rolf Isrenn

Department of Odontology, Dental Biomaterials

University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway.

Mercury Amalgam View Points - Pro and Con Amalgam Debate - A Lawyer's View By Christopher A. Bomba, J.D.

The Mercury In Your Molars Is Safe. Right? By Wesley E. Shankland, II, DDS, MS, PhD
Past President, American Academy of Head, Neck and Facial Pain

Science and the Safety of "Silver Fillings" By Per Dalen MD

The Fallacies of Statutory Informed Consent (pertaining to amalgam installation) By G. Scott Crowther

The Safety of Dental Amalgam By Richard F. Mascola, D.D.S.,

President, American Dental Association

The Amalgam Controversy. An Evidence-Based Analysis. By John E. Dodes, D.D.S.

J Am Dent Assoc 2001 Mar;132(3):348-56

Toxic Television: The Mercury Amalgam Scam By Dr. Stephen Barrett

Priorities Magazine, Volume 3 Number 4 1991

American Council on Science and Health

The Legal Position of the American Dental Association on the Safety of Mercury Containing Dental Amalgam

Mercury Toxicity From the World Health Organization

Safe Handling of Mercury and Mercury Compounds Environmental Health and Safety Manual Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory Volume II: Health & Safety Hazards and Controls

QUANTITATIVE ANALYSIS OF Hg, Ag, Sn, Cu, Zn AND TRACE ELEMENTS IN AMALGAM REMOVED FROM AN ABUTMENT TOOTH UNDERNEATH A GOLD ALLOY BRIDGE THAT HAD BEEN IN VIVO FOR NINE PLUS YEARS By Gilbert H. Jackson, III, BS Chem, JD Law.

http://www.ibiblio.org/amalgam/

Mercury Amalgam Toxicity. Your next visit to the dentist may not be as innocent as you think. by Jim O'Brien

Mercury Detoxification Protocol

Age-Related Cognitive Decline and Fish Consumption

The Second Annual Dental, Medical and Scientific Conference on Sources, Diagnosis and Treatment of Oral Toxicities, Held on May 26-28 in Lexington, KY Sponsored by Affinity Labeling Technologies, Inc. and Kelley Dental Laboratory.

Held in Conjunction with "The Law of Dental Boards and Mercury Fillings". Presented by Dave Swankin, Jim Turner, and Charlie Brown Attorneys at Law.

Health Care Hyperlinks

We as adults get more exposure from Mercury in the air than we do from amalgams.

These studies cloud the waters comparing the type of Mercury bound in fillings, with that found in our air and lakes, etc.

I have a mouth full...was NEVER sick until Lyme. I have had my levels checked...no problem.

I eat fish...WILD Salmon, and other clean types. I also take fish oil caps...they are certified pure.

If the sky was falling with all the people who have amalgams being sick, why are we as a population living longer than ever?

I know we all look for answers to support views, but only real studies can give us the correct answers.

Perhaps in the future someone will develop a stronger composite so the amalgams can be covered efficiently.

My mother worked in a dental office for 30 years...she prepared the amalgam...she is 78 with no problems. The Dentist who employed her lived to 90...no problems. I have very intelligent and aware friends who are dentists and they tell me it is just a money making scam to remove fillings...and, in fact, nothing is as strong as amalgam for large fillings...filling such a cavity with composite is toxic as well...and the result will be a weak tooth.

I know of no one who has had the fillings removed...VERY EXPENSIVE...and has had a change in health?

Thanks to all for info...

Others and I are wondering why it is so safe to put one of the most toxic substances into our mouth? We can't put it into the city sewer systems;we have to put up safety devices for crematoriums because it kills everything. but we can put it into our teeth and we can vaccinate infants and adults with it.

So kindly move on by - you are welcome to keep putting more into your body if you so desire or leave it in your body wherever it has settled. None of the dentists that I have talked with over the last eight years, and who are helping their patients to recapture their health have any mercury left in their mouth. They are only concerned with getting it ouf of their brain completely now and other areas in order to avoid more heart attacks and to get rid of Lyme and inherent infections. Getting it out of the teeth is the least problem - getting it out of brain and organs is the tough part. Most the time it takes several years. If you went through a quick "detox" and you still have all the symptoms and also cannot get rid of bacterial and viral and fungal (candida)( infections, think again. It takes years for it to get buried also in our hormone producing glands and it just takes a long time and a lot of patience to bring it out.
If your symptoms persist, look at all culprits. From my experience, and assisting my doctor with a number of patients now who are going through these phases, I can see it a lot clearer than when I and my husband went through it. Be patient and keep at it - you will be successful.

So - if you don't mind, move on by.